Essay --

Williams 1Michael R. Williams Jr.Ms. WhiteEnglish 314 October 2013The IlluminatiDid you spot that the Illuminati originated around the 1760s. A Freemason named raptus Weishaupt started it all by himself. The Illuminatis ultimate goal is to make the world all one big government and one big religion (religion is allegedly known to be Scientific). The hopes were for the borders around each country, state, et cetera to be diminished. They have been pursuing their goal since the French Revolution. The International Bankers helped finance the Illuminati so they could start the path iwhich was their master(prenominal) goal. (Ellis-Christensen)The Illuminati was credited for weakening the British and French Empire, which was their first step in their plan that was written in the 1770s (Ellis-Christensen).In the 1780s the Bavarian Government found reveal about the Illuminati and the government forced the Illuminati to stop what they were doing. But the Illuminati continued doing their strategic plan(s) by going under different aliases so the Bavarian Government wouldnt catch them again. By doing so and still continuing their plans, the Illuminati acclaimed to have taken complete control over the European Government, they were helped once again by their alignment the International Bankers, to succeed at doing this. (Wallace) Williams 2The Illuminati was supposedly the cause of the Congress of Vienna which was formed to still make the world a one-world government. But the flack was a failure due to Russia not agreeing, so it never happened. A director by the name of Karl Marx created an idea to divide races up into different camps to persuade them. Once everybody was brainwashed the idea was for the different races to fight each... ...er think. The one world government and religion may just happen, but we wont know until it happens--if it happens. Certain people can join it, but can you leave? The outside public will never know, we just have to go pip as sumptions on what happens within the Illuminati. If you leave you might just have to die, but you never know you might be able to just leave? mint ask why I would choose this government issue, because its a very controversial topic to do and it would come with criticism. Even though it is a topic thats surrounded around controversy its a great topic to choose and talk about. People just fear what they dont understand and a lot of people dont understand the Illuminati--so thats why they fear it and rather avoid anything dealing with it. The Illuminati has a grand history dating back to year 1784, and its still continuing on until this day.

The Impact of Social Media on Terminally Ill Patients Essay -- commun

1.IntroductionSocial media is changing the way that doctors and patients communicate. It is reshaping health concern with the help of modern technical innovations such as internet connectivity, smart phones, tablets, and desktops. This ranges from patient support groups to instant messaging (Aishwarya, 2012sp). Media usage has evolved over the last few years and research in this field has shown how childrens psychological factors are linked to sociable media (Heim, et al, 200749). These factors suggest that the internet is a powerful communication gibe that not only connects children with others but also empowers them by providing a learning environment and social support (Heim, et al, 200752-53). A rapid and innovated advance in social media offers numerous opportunities for modifying health behaviour by allowing the users to conduct research, review previous experiences, seek out medical advice, and lets users choose whether they would like to be identified or anonymous. Althou gh there is a considerable potential for these media tools such as, video chat, weblogs and social networks, this media usage, requires careful application with regards to how the information is used, and may not always give the want results when seeking medical advice or solutions (Korda, Itani, 201315). Carleen Hawn (2009361) explains that across the health care industry, new media tools are changing the way that patients and doctors interact which is why people are adopting this mode of using social media for health related issues (Korda, Itani, 201315).Bates (2013sp) identifies that animation is an excellent and ingenious way to encourage children to communicate stories, ideas and concepts in a creative and original way. As explained... ...M- WEBSTER. 2014. Support Group. online. Available from http//www.merriam-webster.com/medical/support%20group Accessed 12/03/2014.SEIVERS, C. 2012. 20 hospitals with inspiring social media strategies. online. Available from http//www.prdail y.com/Main/Articles/20_hospitals_with_inspiring_social_media_strategie_10655.aspx Accessed 12/03/2014.TEXAS, D. Dialysis and Social Networking. 2013. online. Available from http//devontexas.com/2013/03/30/dialysis-and-social-networking/ Accessed 26/02/2014.WIENER, L. CRUM, C. GRADY, C. MERCHANT,M. 2012. To Friend or Not to Friend The Use of Social Media in Clinical Oncology. 8(2), 103-106.ZANNI, G, R. BROWNE III, C, L. Coping with Terminal Illness. 2010. online. Available from http//www.pharmacytimes.com/publications/issue/2010/August2010/CounselingTerminalIllness-0810 Accessed 28/02/2014.

Body Language Essay -- Papers Communication Physical Essays

Body lyric poem 1.1 What is Body wrangle? Body Language is the unspoken communication that goes on in every Face-to-Face chat with another person. It tells you their true pinchs towards you and how well your words are being received. Between 50% of our message is communicated through our Body Language 40 % tone of our voices and 10% only are our words. Your ability to read and understand another persons Body Language can mean the difference between making a great impression or a very bad one Reading soul be language can help you in a job interview, that meeting, or special date Every one of us has experienced the feeling of like this person and not dislike that person but without necessarily knowing why. There was something about them. We often refer to this as a have a go at it or gut feeling, two descriptions directly relating to our own bodys physiological reaction. Everyone has experienced the feeling that they have just been lied to, ha vent they? We all here during a communion have experienced the feeling that someone is lying to us. The words of the conversation probably werent what we noticed as a direct lie. It was more likely to be the body movements that showed he is lying to us. Darting eyes, palms not visible, shifting from one foot to another, hand covering mouth or fingers tugging at the ear are clues. tout ensemble the clues are there. Our subconscious picks them up, and if were lucky enough to be perceptive, decodes them and tells us that the words and gestures dont match Whenever there is a conflict between the words that someone says and their body signals and movem... ... non-verbal indication that you are both thinking along the same lines. Its not always this obvious...Body positioning The easy way to tell whether the person youre talking to is enjoying the conversation The person is standing facing you with their body and feet pointing towards you and mirro ring your positions. The tell-tale signs that someones feeling uncomfortable or not enjoying the conversation The persons head is turned towards you and appears engaged in the conversation - smiling, cernuous etc, but their body and feet are pointing away from you. If someones body is turned away from you it will be facing the place where theyd rather be. If theyre pointed towards another person or the exit then its time to terminate the conversation or do something to attract their full attention.

Salingers Franny and Zoey Essay -- J.D. Salinger Franny Zoey Essays

Salingers Franny and ZoeyIt is the consensus of most critics that Seymour Glass is the most important character and the leader of the Glass family. This is a point that is provable from the stories that Salinger has written ab proscribed the Glass family. Seymour is looked up to and revered by all the children in the family and is his mothers favorite, most intricately calibrated, her kindest son(Franny 89). When catastrophe strikes in Franny and Zooey, the completely someone Franny wants to talk to is Seymour. Why is Seymour the most important person in the Glass family?Seymour is the eldest child. Therefore, all will come after him. In a sense, cryptograph new can be done after Seymour has done it. All that is left is to imitate and learn from the child genius. This is what all the Glass children seem to do. In Franny and Zooey, we learn that Seymour and Buddy educated all of the children. To renther, the eldest boys of the Glass family taught their siblings literatur e, philosophy, and religion.Seymour was also looked up to and relied upon by the children of his family. In Seymour an Introduction, we learn that Seymour and Buddy were both active in taking care of their younger siblings but there was a slight difference in the reactions of the children to each of them. Buddy says When Seymour told one of the twins to take dark his or her rubbers on coming into the apartment, each and all of them knew he mostly mean that the floor would get tracked up if they didnt and that Bessie would have to get out the mop. When I told them to take off their rubbers, they knew I mostly meant that people who didnt were slobs. (193-194)This is an important difference because it shows how bo... ... learn from. He exists to teach us a lesson. This is why he is the family storyteller. He is our teacher, our example, and our leader. What is the lesson we are to learn from him? Maybe only Salinger knows that for certain but I bel ieve Salinger would have us each attempt out our own pieces of divine ground. He would have us all find our one true thing we are to do, even if it is only to go to teach in a small classroom with less than average writers, as is Buddys holy ground, or to live altogether and write for only yourself, as is Salingers holy ground. He would have us all admit to ourselves what it is we are supposed to do and go out and do it instead of forever complaining and searching for better. Through Buddy, Salinger is trying to give us his version of the meaning of life. The ultimate message Find your holy ground, there lies happiness and truth.

Marijuana Legalized: How It Can Positively Effect Our Society Essay

The dispute over the legalization of cannabis sativa, more commonly known as marijuana, is one of the most controversial issues ever to take place in the United States. Its use of goods and services as a medicine has existed for thousands of years in many countries across the globe. Legalization should be considered despite efforts made by groups who say marijuana is a harmful drug that will increase crime evaluate and lead users to other more dangerous substances. The legalization of marijuana can improve our society by helping with our economy, freeing legal resources, and benefiting the overall health of the nation though medical uses. Helping the EconomyOur economy in America is hurting right now. We need something to help boost it and bring our republic out of debt. Taxation on legalized marijuana could help aid in this goal. Assuming the taxes are comparable to tobacco, a $40 billion marijuana commercialise would yield about $16-20 billion in taxes (Nelson, 2010, para . 24). There are worries that the black market will undercut the legitimate sales of marijuana, which might be rattling true, the same thing has happened with tobacco. Having the security of knowing where the marijuana is coming from and that it was grown without harmful chemicals, altered by a third party, and knowing it is a persona product is a deterrent to black market purchases. Marijuana would also still be illegal to purchase from the black market.If marijuana were legalized it would open up a whole new commerce in industrial hangmans halter farming and the products that are made from it. The products that can be made from hemp estimate over 25,000 (Hemp Facts, 1997). A few of those products include paper, clothing, rope, fuel, and building materials. Hemp can be cultivated once or in som... ...chool to buy marijuana that it is alcoholic beverage because alcohol is controlled and age restricted. Since 2001 marijuana use in high school students has gone down (Mariju ana - InfoFacts NIDA, 2010). If marijuana is controlled the same way I believe that its use will only reduce further.People should make their own decision if they want to smoke marijuana. They deserve the right to exercise their own freedom of woof when considering using marijuana. It should be taxed and regulated to help our countrys economy and it will open up a whole new industry for hemp products. Legalization will help free up money and resources to focus on more serious crimes. Its medicinal properties help people with various types of illnesses and disturb from injuries. Further research and studies will only open up more uses for cannabis. Its benefits far outweigh its negative effects.

Macbeth - Macbeth Character Study Essay example -- essays research pap

Thesis Macbeths changing character over the cut across of the fit can be seen in his roles a general, save and a index.I. GeneralA. Early in the bring he is brave1. Captain reports2. Duncan intercourseB. Late in the play he is ineffective1. Fearful2. CorneredII. HusbandA. Initially close to wife1. Confides in her via letter2. Has pet fleshB. Later becomes distant/ refrigerant1. Tells doctor to cure Lady Macbeth2. Feels resignation, not anguish at her deathIII. KingA. At first is powerful1. Malcolm and Donaldbain destitute Scotland2. He succeeds in sidesplitting BanquoB. At end is powerless1. Fleance escapes2. Malcolm conquers ScotlandThe story of Macbeth is one of power at the expense of everything. The main character, Macbeth starts out greatly value with strong character. As the play progresses, Macbeths personality and actions become more deceitful leading to his destruction. Macbeths changing character over the course of the play can be seen in his roles a general, hus band and a king.First, Macbeths changing character is evident in his role as a general. As the play begins, he is a brave general, well respected by his peers. The captain returning from battle reports of this saying, "But alls too weak for brave Macbeth (he deserves that name)" (1.2. 17-18) Duncan later confers his title as king of Scotland, claiming, "No more that thane of Cawdor shall delude our bosom interest. Go, pronounce his present death, and with his former title,... Macbeth - Macbeth Character Study Essay example -- essays research pap Thesis Macbeths changing character over the course of the play can be seen in his roles a general, husband and a king.I. GeneralA. Early in the play he is brave1. Captain reports2. Duncan conversationB. Late in the play he is ineffective1. Fearful2. CorneredII. HusbandA. Initially close to wife1. Confides in her via letter2. Has pet nameB. Later becomes distant/cold1. Tells doctor to cure Lady Macbeth2. Feels re signation, not anguish at her deathIII. KingA. At first is powerful1. Malcolm and Donaldbain free Scotland2. He succeeds in killing BanquoB. At end is powerless1. Fleance escapes2. Malcolm conquers ScotlandThe story of Macbeth is one of power at the expense of everything. The main character, Macbeth starts out greatly admired with strong character. As the play progresses, Macbeths personality and actions become more deceitful leading to his destruction. Macbeths changing character over the course of the play can be seen in his roles a general, husband and a king.First, Macbeths changing character is evident in his role as a general. As the play begins, he is a brave general, well respected by his peers. The captain returning from battle reports of this saying, "But alls too weak for brave Macbeth (he deserves that name)" (1.2. 17-18) Duncan later confers his title as king of Scotland, claiming, "No more that thane of Cawdor shall deceive our bosom interest. Go, pronounce his present death, and with his former title,...

Macbeth - Macbeth Character Study Essay example -- essays research pap

Thesis Macbeths changing character everyplace the course of the play finish be seen in his roles a general, husband and a king.I. GeneralA. Early in the play he is brave1. master key reports2. Dun batch conversationB. Late in the play he is ineffective1. Fearful2. CorneredII. HusbandA. Initially close to wife1. Confides in her via letter2. Has embrace nameB. Later becomes hostile/cold1. Tells doctor to cure Lady Macbeth2. Feels resignation, not anguish at her deathIII. KingA. At first is efficacious1. Malcolm and Donaldbain free Scotland2. He succeeds in killing BanquoB. At end is powerless1. Fleance escapes2. Malcolm conquers ScotlandThe story of Macbeth is one of power at the expense of everything. The main character, Macbeth starts out greatly admired with strong character. As the play progresses, Macbeths personality and actions become to a greater extent deceitful leading to his destruction. Macbeths changing character over the course of the play can be seen in his roles a general, husband and a king.First, Macbeths changing character is evident in his role as a general. As the play begins, he is a brave general, wholesome respected by his peers. The captain returning from battle reports of this saying, "But alls too weak for brave Macbeth (he deserves that name)" (1.2. 17-18) Duncan later confers his title as king of Scotland, claiming, "No more that thane of Cawdor shall deceive our bosom interest. Go, pronounce his present death, and with his former title,... Macbeth - Macbeth Character Study Essay example -- essays research pap Thesis Macbeths changing character over the course of the play can be seen in his roles a general, husband and a king.I. GeneralA. Early in the play he is brave1. Captain reports2. Duncan conversationB. Late in the play he is ineffective1. Fearful2. CorneredII. HusbandA. Initially close to wife1. Confides in her via letter2. Has pet nameB. Later becomes distant/cold1. Tells doctor to cure Lady Macbeth2. Feels resignation, not anguish at her deathIII. KingA. At first is powerful1. Malcolm and Donaldbain free Scotland2. He succeeds in killing BanquoB. At end is powerless1. Fleance escapes2. Malcolm conquers ScotlandThe story of Macbeth is one of power at the expense of everything. The main character, Macbeth starts out greatly admired with strong character. As the play progresses, Macbeths personality and actions become more deceitful leading to his destruction. Macbeths changing character over the course of the play can be seen in his roles a general, husband and a king.First, Macbeths changing character is evident in his role as a general. As the play begins, he is a brave general, well respected by his peers. The captain returning from battle reports of this saying, "But alls too weak for brave Macbeth (he deserves that name)" (1.2. 17-18) Duncan later confers his title as king of Scotland, claiming, "No more that thane of Cawdor shall deceive our bosom inte rest. Go, pronounce his present death, and with his former title,...

Feminism and Marginalization Essay

Female characters in Death of a salesman be marginalised and trivialised. Criticism from feminists reflects the lives of wowork force and what extent they are marginalised and trivialised. Women are being relegated to a standby level and are made unimportant as portrayed by critics, feminist and Arthur Miller in his take for Death of a salesman and this can be derived from their views towards the topic. There are different reasons why and different ship stylus in which women are made unimportant and authoritys in which this may be stopped if not minimized.Some feminist view marginalization and trivialization as factors brought about by equality or conflict in gender or sex. They argue that womens supposed differences from men ask been used over the centuries to justify discrimination against women and their exclusion from full hearty and political citizenship. They argue that the eonian differentiation, however has been that women have been given an inferior or secondary s tatus in the society because of the assumed natural cozy difference pg9-10 (freedman. Feminism).For centuries difference has been the starting point of and justification for the creation of different social roles for men and women. Not only was womens biological capacity for boor birth and breast feeding and the generally lesser physical strength seen as determining their social role in the phratry ,occupying themselves with domestic chores and bring up children, only it was also claimed that these biological differences made them unfit to participate in the cosmos sphere. Women were judged to be less reasonable than men, more ruled by emotion, and thus unequal to(p) of political decision making, for example.They continue to say that the social roles and modes of behaviour that civilizations have assigned to women have unplowed them in an inferior arrangement to that of men. This means that women are not like the Working classes in Marxism ideology they have not emerged an o ppressed group because of particular historical circumstances, but have always been oppressed in all forms of social organization. Ortner(1998 21) argues the secondary status of women in the society is one of the true universals, a pan-cultural fact.And as she goes on to explain, this secondary status of women can be explained by the fact that within multiplicity of cultural conceptions and symbolizations of women that exist and that have existed in different societies, there is a constant in the women are being closer to nature in their physiology, their social role and their psyche. Whereas women have been sensed as closer to nature, men have been perceived as closer to culture, more suited for public roles and political association.For this reason, women have been relegated to a secondary status in the society, often confined to roles in the home rather than able to accede to powerful public arranges. For example Willy Loman treated his wife Linda badly, he overpowered her and he bosses her and disrespects her and s always rude to her and this is why she kept herself busy with house hold duties as any other oppressed wife would do. E. g he doesnt give her a chance to spill the beans when she tries to give her own opinion pg31 and he shouts at her a lot even she is doing the best she can to make incidents better pg69 (Arthur Miller.Death of a salesman) sing Gilligan believes that the reason why women are marginalized and trivialised is because their voices have not been heard, that women have not been given a chance to air out their views because of the common culture that men are more superior.Only if we can understand why their voices have been silenced, and how the dominant ideal of moral autonomy in our culture, as well as the privileged definition of the moral sphere, continue to silence womens voices, do we have a hope of moving to a more integrated imaginativeness of ourselves of our fellow humans generalized as well as concrete others. Benhabib 198895) for example where Linda tries to give suggestions or to air out her opinion then Willy guarantee her to shut up and he told her not to interrupt him. Willy does not allow her to say what she wants to say, he does not give her the opportunity to speak.This in its own way is marginalization and trivialization because it proves how men feel that everything they say is right and matters most than what women say because they feel that they are more superior than women. pg31 and pg49(Arthur Miller.Death of a salesman) Feminist ambivalence to maternalism is based on the argument that womens public role if framed womens condition of burdensomeness the ideology of domesticity and womens exclusion from public roles in society. The qualities and capacities make women different from men are those acquired through their condition of oppression. Pg31(Sara Goodman and Diana Mulinari. Feminist intervention in discourses on gender and development). Dorothy Smith(1987) has shown how men i n position of power do not only control the world but name it and how women are excluded from the process of description and ordering the world.SHULAMITH FIRESTONE 197912 believes that womens oppression is thus the primary oppression, an oppression that goes back beyond history to the animal kingdom itself, and this oppression is based on biological oppression. The effects of biology are all-pervading, and womens inferior social position can be explained by biology- their reproductive capacity and their weakened physical condition these biological factors being fortify by mens development of social structures that keep women tied to their reproductive role. pg69 (freedman.Feminism).Examples of oppression are where Linda always tries to make situations better as way to please her husband, she takes a lot from Willy and never complains about the way he treats her. She takes all this in because she believes in pleasing her husbanding and by so doing it is shown that she is oppressed, she is not doing what she wants but what she thinks is right because she lives under the shadow of her husband and her dictatorship. E. g Linda looks out for her husband, does everything in his favour and does everything for him. E. where she asks her sons not give Willy a hard time and where she tries to make the situation batter by telling him that it was just a joke yet she know it wasnt and she does this to protect him pg42-48(Arthur Miller. Death of a salesman) Firestone(1979) says womens liberation is then a struggle to break free from oppressive power structure set by nature and reinforced by man. She believes that women must be liberated through destruction of biological oppression and this can happen through the development of reproductive technologies that will free women from their biological reproduction capacity.In my opinion, marginalization and trivialization are phenomenons that exist in everyday life because it is believed that man are superior and women are infer ior and this idea contributes thus they encourage marginalized and trivialization of women. dissimilarity and difference are also contributing factors because they give the impression that just because women and man are different based on their sex, women are believed to be in equal of a lot of things including decision making thus giving man the impression that they are able to rule or they are more capable of a lot than women.Oppression is also a contributing factor because it limits women from doing things to their full capacity in that they live according to what they are stipulated to do and this oppression gives man the power to belittle women and to make them unimportant. I believe that equality meaning equal opportunities to both man and women is the best solution to stopping marginalization and trivialization of women.

Media Shaping Women Essay

The media has clouded womens perceptions in their body image by demonstrating the ideal bodies on TV and magazines through print and carry advertising, increasing the pressure for women and little girls to be thin, further leading to a more complex issue of Eating Disorders. Women who do not wait up to societies expectations, and argon suffocated with the phoney concept of the ideal argon treated with disregard and discrimination. For instance, Adrian Furnham and Nicola Greaves (1994) argue that the core of body image dissatisfaction is a variation among a persons perceived body and their ideal.They further argue that a failure to match the ideal leads to ego- criticism, guilt and lowered self worth. This effect is stronger for women than for men due to the cultural pressures on women to conform to an idealised body make ar more powerful and more wide afford than those on men. Psychologists have suggested that the media can affect womens body esteem by becoming a reference p oint against which unfavourable body shape comparisons argon made (Grogan 1999).These visions are then propagated through popular culture via television reality make over shows of re formative the body, if films of body transition provide the vision that inspires women to re- make their bodies, the cosmetic and aesthetic medicine industry sell them the equipment (Fox-Kales, 2011, p. 74. ) Women are objectified by an unrealistic expectation of beauty, put forward by models and actresses who do not reflect the average appearance of women in society. Print advertising, in particular, provides a not only unrealistic, but unhealthy ideal of what it representation to be physically attractive.By these false images being presented, the media has created an ideology of attractiveness. Images have powerful effects on their readers, serving to maintain a cult of muliebrity and supplying definitions of what it means to be a woman. Marjorie Ferguson (1985) investigated womens magazines from a sociological perspective. She argued that womens magazines contribute to the wider cultural process, which helps to shape a womans view of herself, and societies views of her.The media is littered with mages of females who fulfill these unrealistic standards, making it seem as if it is normal for women to live up to this ideal. Dittmar and Howard (2004) made this statement regarding the prevalence of unrealistic media images Ultra-thin models are so prominent that exposure to them becomes unavoidable and chronic, constantly reinforcing a discrepancy for most women and girls between their actual size and the ideal body (p. 478). explore has repeatedly shown that constant exposure to thin models and actresses fosters body image concerns and disordered eating in many females.Eating Disorders are a direct takings from the medias influence to look thin. Eating disorders theorists and feminist scholars have long indicated fashion magazines, movies, television, and advertising for the ir advocacy of disordered eating (Levine & Smolak, 1998). Media images of women make it difficult for individuals to clench an internalized ideal body that is realistic and attainable. With exposure to repeated images of ultra thin women, an individuals internalized ideal body often becomes much thinner.This increases the gap between what a person feels their physical appearance is, and what it should be. Researchers have show that women who have an internalized ideal body that closely resembles the socially represented ideal body are at a particularly high risk to develop body image disturbance and disordered eating patterns (Sands & Wardle, 2003). Naomi Wolf argues that our culture disempowers women by keeping them prisoner to an unattainable beauty ideal (Wolf, 1990).The epidemic proportions of drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, and unsafe weight control methods among women have led theorists to posit the existence of mechanisms that are capable of reaching a large numb er of women (Levine & Smolak, 1998). Todays expectations reveal that looks matter more than personality and intelligence as seen on divers(a) dating shows. It is universally agreed upon that people on these shows usually pick the best looking counterpart out of the group of contestants. Both men and women are concerned with appearance than personality on these types of programs.This phenomenon is transferred into the job market, where people are now more prone to hire the more attractive candidate. Research has found that more attractive workers even receive higher compensation than unattractive counterparts even where they perform the same work and have similar levels of work experience. The media targets young women drilling thinness and having no flaws as the height of being beautiful. Now, with the common use of plastic surgery you can change your overall appearance. Plastic surgery has become a more than 8 billion a year industry (Hess Biber, 200596). Women feel they need to have the perfect nose, and cheek bones to admit in to the medias criteria, in order to appear more attractive to the opposite sex. Therefore, it is evident that the media has played a significant role in shaping womens bodies to suit societies expectations by showcasing the recurring idea to be thin. These ideas are brought upon through various television shows and magazines, which further stimulate eating disorders.

Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Chapter 14 Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Pathology transmittance and Disease 1. Pathology is the scientific study of unsoundness concerned with fuck off (etiology) and manner in which ailment exposes (pathogenesis) Also concerned with structural and functional changes brought about(predicate) by affection and final effects on the frame 2. Infection invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms 3. Disease when transmission system results in change in invoke of health Normal Microbiota 1. quit of microbes in utero, at birth gain lactobacilli in intestine from m some others vaginal canal, E. oli taken through food and inhabits intestine thru life 2. Ten times more than bacterial cells than human cells in the body 3. Normal flora public microbiota 4. Transient microbiota present for a while scarce disappear 5. Distribution of normal flora dependent on physical and chemical factors, defenses of the host and mechanical factors Relationsh ip between Normal Flora and Host 1. Microbial antagonism aka rivalrous exclusion normal microbiota ability to protect the host from overgrowth of harmful microorganisms 2. Normal microbiota and host live in symbiosis one is dependent on the other 3.The three types of symbiosis commensalism (one organism benefits, other unaffected), mutualism (both benefit) and parasitism (one harmed and one benefits) 4. Probiotics live microbial cultures applied to or ingested that atomic number 18 intended to exert a beneficial effect Opportunistic Microorganisms 1. E. coli normally harmless but in other parts of the body cause UTI, pulmonary contagious diseases, meningitis or abscesses. 2. AIDS compromises insubordinate system increases susceptibility to opportunistic infection e. g. Pneumocystis pneumonia The Etiology of Infectious Disease Kochs Postulates 1. Koch established that microorganisms cause specific disease 2. Isolated microorganisms from diseased animal, grew in pure cul ture and identified, injected healthy animal, disease reproduced and identical 3. Experimental requirements same pathogen must be present in every case of disease, pathogen must be isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture, pathogen must cause disease when inoculated into healthy animal, pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animal and shown to be original organism Exceptions to Kochs postulates 1.Unique culture environments modified to establish etiologies of those that cannot be grown on artificial media e. g. viruses, syphilis, leprosy 2. Some disease much(prenominal) as tetanus have unequivocal signs and symptoms 3. Some disease may be caused by a number of microbes e. g. pneumonia and nephritis 4. Some pathogens cause several diseases e. g. S. pyogenes 5. definite pathogens only cause disease in humans e. g. HIV Classifying Infectious diseases 1. Every disease alters body structures and functions in particular ways ad are indicated by several kinds of evid ences 2.Symptoms changes in body functions 3. Signs objective changes the physician can observe or measure e. g. lesions, swelling, fever and paralysis 4. Syndrome a specific group of signs or symptoms that accompany a disease 5. Communicable disease any disease that spreads from one host to another e. g. herpes, chickenpox, measles, typhoid fever and TB 6. contagious diseases Spread easily from host to host e. g. chickenpox 7. Noncommunicable Disease caused by microorganisms that inhibit body and only occasionally produce disease or live outside the body and produce disease when introduced e. . tetanus Occurrence of Disease 1. Incidence the number of people in a population who develop a disease during a particular period of time 2. Prevalence number of people in a population who develop a disease at a specific time, regardless of when it first appeared old and late 3. Sporadic disease occurs only occasionally e. g. typhoid fever 4. Endemic disease constantly present in a population e. g. common cold 5. Epidemic disease Many people in a given sector develop disease n diddle time e. g. AIDS, STDs 6.Pandemic Epidemic disease that occurs worldwide e. g. avian flu Severity or time of Disease 1. Acute disease develops rapidly but only lasts a short time e. g. influenza 2. chronic Disease develops more slowly and bodys reactions may be less severe but continues or recurs for long periods of time e. g. Mono, TB & HepB 3. Subacute Intermediate between Acute and Chronic e. g. Sclerosing panencephalitis 4. Latent Disease causative agent remains inactive for some time but than becomes active to produce symptoms e. . shingles 5. Herd right Immunity to disease in most of population Extent of Host Involvement 1. Local infection microorganisms limited to relatively small area e. g. boils 2. Systemic infection Spread throughout the body by blood or lymph e. g. measles 3. Focal infection local infection enters blood or lymph and spread to other specific body parts where they are confined arise f/ teeth, tonsils, sinus 4. Sepsis toxic inflammatory condition arising from spread of microbes from a focus of infection 5.Septicemia blood poisoning systemic infection arising from multiplication of pathogens in blood 6. Bacteremia presence of bacteria in blood, Toxemia presence of toxins in blood and viremia presence of virus in blood 7. Primary infection acute infection that causes initial illness 8. Secondary infection caused by an opportunistic pathogen after primary weakens defenses 9. Subclinical (inapparent) infection is one that does not cause any noticeable illness e. g. Polio & HepA can be carried but never developed Patterns of Disease . Sequence must be reservoir of infection as a source pathogen transmitted to capable host by forgather or vectors transmission followed by invasion (enters host, multiplies) injures host through pathogenesis 2. Despite these effects, occurance of disease generally depends on r esistance Predisposing factors makes body more susceptible and may alter course of disease 1. Gender Females more UTI, Men more meningitis 2. Genetic background sickle cell against malaria 3. Climate and weather respiratory disease increase in winter 4.Others nutrition, age environment, lifestyle, habitat, illness, chemo, emotions. Development of Disease 1. Incubation Period interval between initial infection and first diffused signs and symptoms, time depends on virulence, number of microorganisms, and resistance 2. Prodromal period characterized by appearance of the first mild signs and symptoms 3. Period of illness disease at its flower and all signs and symptoms apparent, PT dies during this period if not overcome 4. Period of Decline signs and symptoms subside- vulnerable to secondary infection 5.Period of convalescence body returns to its pre-diseased state and health is restored The Spread of Infection Reservoirs of Infection 1. Reservoir of Infection A continu al source of infection- may be human animal or breathless 2. tender reservoirs Many people harbor pathogens and transmit them Carriers are living reservoirs and harbor the disease with or without signs or symptoms Can carry disease during latent phases such as incubation or convalescent play important role in spread of AIDS, typhoid fever, diphtheria, hep, gonorrhea, and streptococcal infections 3.Animal Reservoirs Wild or house servant Zoonosis are diseases that occur in wild but can be transmitted to humans e. g. Rabies, Lyme disease Can occur through pertain of animal, its waste, consumption or contamination. 4. Nonliving Reservoirs Soil and Water Soil e. g. Ringworm, Botulism and Tetanus, Water e. g. usually contamination related, cholera , typhoid fever Transmission of Disease 1. dawn spread od an agent of disease by direct contact, indirect contact or droplet transmission a. Direct Contact touching kissing, intercourse, Any faithful physical contact e. . STD s, AIDS, cold, influenza, staph, Hep A, measles and so on b. Indirect Contact occurs when agent of disease is transmitted from reservoir to host by means of nonliving object Fomite is a object involved in spread of infection e. g. tissues, bedding, syringes etc. c. Droplet Transmission microbes are spread in droplet nuclei that travel short distance Sneezing, coughing, talking not considered airborne e. g. flu, pneumonia and pertussis 2. Vehicle Transmission transmission of disease by a medium, such as water food or air and drugs blood IV and body fluids d.Waterborne contaminated water, cholera leptospirosis e. Foodborne transported through undercooked, poorly kept or unsanitary food such as tapeworm f. Airborne droplet nuclei in dust that travels more than 1 meter measles virus and TB bacteria as well as some spores can be carried in dust and cause disease coccidiodomyosis 3. Vectors animals that carry disease from one host to another g. Mechanical Transmission supin e transport on insects feet or body part houseflies transfer from feces to food h.Biological transmission active process and more complex arthropod bites give person pathogens reproduce in vector increase causes more possibility of transmit. If arthropod vomits or defecates while biting host, can transfer from gut. Often parasites, also includes Lyme disease, plague, Malaria etc. nosocomial (Hospital Acquired) Infections 1. A nosocomial infection is any infection that is acquired during the course of stay in a hospital, nursing home or other healthcare facility 2. About 5 15% of all hospitalized patients will acquire this 3.Result from combination of weakened host, chain of transmission in hospital and availability of microorganisms in hospital. Microorganisms in the Hospital 1. Often normal flora are a problem when introduced to body in catheters and surgical procedures 2. Major problems include coagulase interdict staph, S. aureus, E. coli, Enterococcus, P. aeruginosa, En terobacter, K. pnuemoniae, Candida albicans 3. Most frequent are opportunistic gram negative, drug resistant Compromised Host 1. Resistance impaired by disease, therapy and burns. 2. Two principals Broken skin/mucous membranes and suppressed immunity . Broken skin and mucous membranes disable first line of defense 4. Invasive devices also cause problems 5. Adverse effects to B and T Cells compromise host Chain of Transmission 1. Direct transmission from staff member to patient and among patients 2. Fomites such as catheters, syringes and respiratory devices Control of Nosocomial Infections 1. Aseptic techniques can prevent Hand washing most important 2. Hospital infection controller staff members are responsible for overseeing proper cleaning, transshipment center and handling of equipment and supplies Emerging Infectious Diseases . EIDs are new or changing, increasing recently and showing future increase. 2. Number of factors contribute to emergence including new strains whic h may result from genetic recombination (E. coli), a new serovar resulting from changes or evolution (Vibrio cholerea) , use of antibiotics and pesticide to cause resistance, changes in weather patterns (Hantavirus), modern transportation (West Nile), Ecological changes from innate disasters construction or wars, animal control measures (kill deer predators, more deer, more Lyme disease and failures in public health measures. . CDC priorities (1) Detect investigate and monitor lizard pathogens and disease (2) Expand basic and applied research on ecological and environmental factors microbial changes and host interaction (3) Enhance public information (4) Establish plans to monitor and control worldwide Epidemiology 1. The science of epidemiology is the study of transmission incidence and frequency of disease 2.Modern epidemiology began in mid-1800s with the works of Snow, Semmelweis and Nightingale 3. Descriptive Epidemiology data about infected people is collected and analyzed includes info about person place and period 4. Analytical epidemiology analyzes disease to determine probable cause (case control method) a group of infected people is compared with an uninfected group or (Cohort Method) people in contact with an agent vs. hose not in contact with the same agent 5. Experimental Epidemiology controlled experiments designed to test hypothesis are performed e. g. placebo studying 6. Case reporting provides data on incidence and prevalence to local, state and national health officials 7. The CDC is the main source of epidemiologic information in the US 8. The CDC publishes the Morbidity and Mortality weekly report to provide info on incidence and deaths.

Teacher Leadership Does Culture Make a Difference

IntroductionResearch about educational put outing theoretical accounts and instructor wind has largely been done in western linguistic contexts such as the USA, the U.K and Australia ( Dimmock & A Walker, 2000 ) . One job of reassigning educational pull ins from the West is undervaluing the impact of civilization on the successful execution of a policy in a context where the civilization is unlike ( Goh, 2009 ) , because taking an organisation is interwoven with the civilization of those supervised ( Busher, 2006 ) . In some contexts, the organisational construction of an establishment differs from that of the state. In such a instance, pedagogues argon most likely to confront challenges when using spark advance manners that differ from what is considered the norm in that ethnic context ( Law & A Gl everyplace, 2000 ) . Cultural mixture has been associated with differences in universe positions that bemuse bearing on behavioural differences ( Tajfel & A Turner, 1986 ) . These differences manifest themselves into comprehending oneself as a member of one group and the perceptual go out of other(a)s as foreigners ( Giles, Wiemann & A Coupland, 1991 ) . This necessitates more cross-cultural surveies because most of the surveies about civilization come from the concern field ( Dimmock & A Walker, 2000 ) . In educational establishment, leadership savvy of their ain cultural background and that of their module is indispensable because m whatever educational establishments now have staff from different civilizations ( Slethaug, 2007 cited in Walker & A Riordan, 2010 ) . This is especially true in the field of TESOL in the Arabian Gulf where most module members are non- Arabs and the management is largely Western. This instance survey purposes to research the interrelationship between teacher leadership and civilization at a multicultural English Department at an establishment of higher instruction in the commonwealth of Qatar.Literature Reappr aisalSurveies that examine booster cable from an Arab position have been conducted entirely in the Fieldss of concern and cross-cultural psychological science. in that location are legion models for analyzing and comparing cultural de destinationine at the social phase and their impact on household, instruction, workplace, and province ( Hofstede, 2001 ) . Research refering to the Arabian Gulf derives from either the work of Geert Hofstede ( Dedoussis, 2004 ) or from the Globe bug out ( Abdallah & A Al-Homoud, 2001 ) . These surveies have been criticized for 1 ) trying to homogenise the different civilizations ( Walker & A Dimmock, 2000 ) , 2 ) issues associating to informations aggregation, analysis, and cogency ( Smith et al. , 2007 ) , 3 ) the alteration in values because of economic development ( Inglehart & A Baker, 2000 ) , 4 ) and using these findings to a national degree without accounting for iodine and organisational differences ( Robertson et al. , 2001 ) .In thi s vena,Theoretical model1.1 Teacher ledeThere is no clear cut and agreed upon definition for the landmark teacher leading . The deficiency of consensus on a definition for the term dejection be attributed to the accompaniment that it is wide and includes many facets ( York-Barr & A Duke, 2004 ) . The same position is shared by Lord and Miller ( 2000 ) who province that there is deficiency of apprehension of the term teacher leading and how it works. The focal psyche of the construct instructor leading is based on the capableness of instructors in holding and giving input on issues related to the school, which are non merely associated with decision makers and directors ( Harris & A Muijs, 2003 ) .The leading manipulations assumed by instructors brush off be formal or free-and-easy ( Katzenmeyer & A Moller, 2001 ) . projection informal instructor leader functions includes, among other things maps done by the instructor inside the schoolroom such as planning lessons, pas s oning ends, oversing the pupils, and fashioning a pleasant acquisition environment ( Berlinger, 1983 cited in Muijs & A Harris, 2003 ) . Taking the enterprise and sharing experiences with other instructors are withal illustrations of informal instructor leading. On the other manus, being in a formal instructor leading place involves duties associated with occupation rubrics such as coordinators, supervisors, course of study experts, or caputs of sections ( York- Barr & A Duke, 2004 ) . holding such occupations normally consequences in traveling off from the schoolroom ( Ash & A Persall, 2000 Katzenmeyer & A Moller, 2001 ) . A teacher leader could hold no article of faith responsibilities so that s/he engages to the full in his/her leading place, or learn full-time while executing leading undertakings, or have trim learning burden to set about the extra leading responsibilities ( Lord & A Miller, 2000 ) . Some research workers like Katzenmeyer and Moller ( 2001 ) believe that instructor leaders lead both inside and outside the schoolroom and this leads to alter to the wider community. This will take to betterment in educational patterns. Based on this definition, the function of a teacher leader is non merely confined within the schoolroom context and but goes beyond it in doing a alteration and act uponing others.The range of much of the definitions of the term instructor leader discussed is limited to what instructors do indoors, outside the schoolroom, and the positive results of teacher leading on pupils accomplishment. A more comprehensive and delineated apprehension of the construct is covered in Leithwood s et. Al ( 2003 ) survey in which they categorized leading. Some of the aspects covered in their survey and did non have as much attention in the literature were personality, orientation to pack, and communicating accomplishments. ( finish ) from PatriciaThe inclination in the literature is to associate teacher leading with administrat ive functions in stead of informal functions performed in the schoolroom. Danielson ( 2006 ) is of the sentiment that formal instructor leading functions designated by disposal do non represent existent leading. True leading is the self-generated response to a demand which is initiated by the instructor. For the intent of this survey, teacher leading refers to instructors ability to take outside the schoolroom without holding a formal occupation rubric.1.2 Factors act uponing instructor leading1.2.1 Teachers ain perceptual experiences and those of other co-workers of teacher leadingThe teacher leading literature reveals a figure of hindrances that make exerting teacher leading hard ( Katzenmeyer & A Moller, 2001 ) . Barriers to teacher leading can be instructors themselves. Teachers may non see themselves as leaders because they think they are lone instructors ( Lieberman et. Al, 2000 ) . This reflects some instructors strong belief that being a instructor involves learning mere ly and the undertaking of a school disposal is to pull off and take ( Barth, 2001 ) . Another related aspect is the premise that it is administer of the instructor s occupation to implement programs devised by others higher up in the school direction ( Boles & A Troen, 1996 ) . Colleagues can suppress exerting teacher leading when they are non accepting and supportive of teacher leading enterprises ( Little, 2000 ) by doing teacher leaders feel isolated ( Katzenmeyer & A Moller, 2001 ) . However, co-workers can besides be a encouraging factor of teacher leading and this will be discussed in the following subdivision.1.2.2 Collaboration and collegialityCollegiality and coaction have both been identified as factors lending to instructors authorization and committedness ( Fullan, 1994 Jarzabkowski, 2000 ) . A sense of collegiality leads to trueness, trust, and a sense of community ( Katzenmeyer & A Moller, 2001 ) . Collegiality and coaction are used interchangeably in the literat ure and there is a deficiency of consensus on their specific significance. Hargreaves ( 1994 ) is a wakeless instance of point as he suggests that assorted signifiers of collegiality and coaction exist and each has a different intent. He farther notes that collegiality as a term lacks lucidity. aaaaa1.2.3 Professional developmentWithin the literature, it is argued that instructors battle in professional person activities support their leading functions. Effective instructor leaders strive to better their instruction accomplishments ( Katzenmeyer & A Moller, 2001 ) . These professional development activities should besides concentrate on facets refering to instructors leading functions ( Harris & A Muijs, 2003 ) such as presenting workshops, carry oning action research, and join forcesing with others ( Katzenmeyer & A Moller, 2001 Sparks, 2002 ) . Formal professional development activities include go toing workshops and conferences whereas informal 1s involve practice about i ssues related to professional development country of involvement and be aftering with instructors ( Ackerman, Katzenmeyer & A Moller, 2001 ) . The principals function is to recommend instructors professional development by offering nip off and resources ( Muijs & A Harris, 2003 ) . Developing instructors leading accomplishments will enhance/ optimise the likeliness that staff members will be successful when taking on a leading function ( Danielson, 2006 ) .1.2.4 School civilization and the function of the principal1.3 Why should teacher leading be promoted?One didactics for advancing teacher leading is affecting instructors in the decision-making procedure will take to doing more informed determinations. Teachers have a deep apprehension receivable to their day-to-day contact with pupils ( York-Barr & A Duke, 2004 ) . Another statement in favour of implementing teacher leading is to increase instructors feelings of ownership ( ibid ) . This alteration in instructors funct ion is needed because their feeling of impotence affects their functions and standing ( Moore, 2001 ) . Teachers engagement in determination devising makes them less disposed to experiencing they are inactive victims ( Barth, 2001 ) . She states that instructors would experience as a consequence of such authorization as a resplendent citizen in the school house kinda than stay the subsidiary in a universe full of superiors ( ibid, p. 445 ) . Teaching is a lone occupation and making an environment where instructor leading is encouraged will ensue in making a more professional work environment ( ibid ) . Research findings besides show that teacher empowerment encouragements instructors confidence and sense of fulfilment at work which play a function in better public innovation as a resulted of being extremely motivated ( Katzenmeyer & A Moller, 2001 ) .MethodologyQatar background infoThe English Department investigated in this survey is multicultural. There are over 120 module members from 25 different states. However, the huge bulk are British and American. The direction squad consists of the Head of Department and five other coordinators, iv of whom are westerners. These coordinators assist the Head of Department ( HOD ) on different issues and these five make determinations on all affairs refering to academic, administrative, and forces personal businesss. The following degree of direction includes four degree supervisors ( in-between directors ) one supervises each degree of the plan.All might service in one of the five rushs and this constitutes 10 20 % of their yearly assessment path. The coordinators make determinations in their countries through audience with their commission members. Faculty s engagement in determinations refering to policy is done indirectly through their commission work. Their direct engagement is by finishing studies, being portion of focal point groups, and giving feedback on the different countries of the plan. Decisi ons and of import intelligence are communicated to Faculty and staff through electronic mail and Blackboard.A instance survey was employed in the survey because it involves the survey of an issue explored through one or more instances within a delimited system. ( Creswell, 2007 ) . Yin s definition- what is the edge system?Theoretical justification why interpretative picture?Why non positivist paradigm?The participants in the survey were 10 Faculty members in an English Department of an Institution of Higher Education in the State of Qatar, a peninsula in the Arabian Gulf. The Western participants were British and American. The Arab Faculty members come from four different Arab states. The little sample size of the survey makes it hard to generalise the findings but should offer cleverness into the function of civilization and its interrelatedness with the positions of teacher leading.Informed consent signifiers were sought from the participants. There was no demand to obtain p ermission from gatekeepers because my ain workplace was studied. To warrantee the privateness of the participants, anonym are used and the nationalities of the participants are non revealed in order for the respondents non to be easy identified.The end of a qualitative enquiry is to understand a phenomenon from the point of position of the participant and this can be achieved by holding a purposeful sample which ( Merriam, 2002 ) defines as pre-determining the indispensable standards for taking who is to be interviewed or sites to be observed ( ibid ) . The survey trying technique is purposeful since participants were chosen harmonizing to their nationalities and cultural backgrounds.Data CollectionI collected informations utilizing interviews because utilizing interviews enable respondents to discourse their readings of the universe in which they live and to show how they regard state of affairss from their point of position ( Cohen et. Al, 2007, p. 267 ) . Another advantage is during the interview, the interviewer can inquire follow-up inquiries to spread out on the issue, to research elucidation, or to contextualize ( Books, 1997 ) . A semi- structured interview format was employed to obtain descriptions of the life universe of the interviewee with regard to construing the significance of the described phenomena. ( Kvale, 1996, p. 5- 6 ) . The interview had aa . points. The instructors were interviewed separately. The interview inquiries were constructed by mentioning to relevant teacher leading literature. Interview inquiries were discussed with Faculty members with cognition and expertness in the country of civilization and educational leading to guarantee the face cogency. The interview was piloted with two participants who had the same features as the research participants. Prior to carry oning the existent interview, all interviewees were sent a screen letter explicating the intent of the survey which stated its wide subjects and included a petit ion to audio-tape. The single interviews lasted 40 proceedingss.To triangulate the informations, focal point groups were used as the second informations aggregation tool. The intent of carry oning focal point groups is to obtain the corporate position of a group sing an issue ( Morgan, 1997 ) . Two focal point groups were conducted one with Arabs and the other with Westerners. The written texts of both interviews and concentrate groups were sent to participants for intents of informations proof. The information was analyzed inductively because most qualitative surveies aim to bring forth new theories and accounts instead than get downing with a priori theories or hypotheses to turn out ( Gibbs, 2007 ) .The function of the research worker is really of import in the interpretative paradigm in both informations aggregation and analysis since the research worker is non detached from the subject of probe ( Cohen et. Al, 2007 ) . Social and educational research is viewed as a societal na tural process that it is influenced by factors like political relations and power dealingss within the research context. The values and motive of the research workers have consequence every bit good ( Blaxter et. Al, 1996, p. 15 ) . This necessitates the research worker to be automatic about his/ her impact on the survey ( Denscombe, 1998 ) . To this extent, I am cognizant of the possible influence of my cultural background on the survey.Research inquiriesResults & A DiscussionLeading in family unit is 2nd nature to instructorsBoth Arab and Western staff members felt up that it was normal to take in category and that it is the existent leading function for instructors. Informal leading functions identified by the respondents could be categorized into instructors function, relationship with the pupils, and teacher personality. Teachers function in category was the focal point of most of the participants. Leadership facets identified under instructors function include being a facilitator, patterning positive behaviour, set uping boundaries and pull offing category, sentience of latest inventions and theories, accomplishing the ends and aims of the course of study. The function of being a facilitator, a function theoretical account, and successful direction were the lone functions mentioned by two participants. The 2nd class is relationship with the pupils. The survey sample mentioned motive, set uping trust with the pupils, cognizing pupils civilization and involvement, transfusing regard in the pupils. The personality facet of a teacher leader as sociable was mentioned by one Western participant. One Arab participant provinces, Leading in category is 2nd nature to instructors. Another Western participant remarks, Teachers are in charge in category because they know who they are. There are chances to take outside category but aAll participants in the survey no matter of their cultural background did non tie in teacher leading with prima outside c ategory. Leadership outside category is exercised through giving feedback on different issues associating to curriculum and other issues. Two Western participants expressed the position that One of the sarcasms of instruction is that in order to hold a greater leading function you need to travel off from teachinga You need to travel to disposal. They expressed the sentiment that one time you have a formal leading function you can get down to do a difference outside the schoolroom context. The differences between the Arab and the Western participants emerged when replying this research inquiry. The Western participants responses focused on different facets associating to organisational civilization, and leaders personality traits that limit exerting leading in the Departmental degree. One American participant believes that it all depends on the leader of the plan and states if instructors are allowed to follow their passion, they can go leaders in their ain countries. Another B ritish participant touches on the function of co-workers in furthering or hindering teacher leading. In the single interview, she maintains with co-workers it is difficult to further some sort of leading because you feel intimidateda you have no right. She stated the demand for regard of people s age, gender, experience, place, and how long they have been in the Department. She is of the sentiment that In some establishments, some co-workers may resent instructors doing determinations if they do non keep an official leading rubric. Harmonizing to the participants, bitterness of co-workers taking on leading functions without holding a formal occupation rubric can be attributed to personality traits instead than social civilization.One British participant was of the sentiment that due to strong hierarchy in the Middle East direction systems teacher leading can non be applied outside the schoolroom. He believes that If you try to hinder into that hierarchy, you are short-circuiti ng the concatenation of bid. All Western participants agreed on the demand to separate between stereotype and personal experience. An American respondent contends that like any bureaucratic establishment, there are degrees that you can lift to where you wo nt be resented. But one time you start acquiring past a certain degree bitterness will kick in. The other three participants agreed with him on the demand to understand and cognize how to cover with hierarchies across different civilizations. The American warned that if people insist on making things the same manner they are done in their place states they will run into a wall instantly. The influence of the leader s personality was identified by merely one participant who expressed the demand for leting instructors to follow their passion which will take to making exposed duologue where people can experience free to show their thoughts.Most of the Arab participants besides believed that leading functions outside category w ere limited. One ground given was the fact that instructors are supervised by degree supervisors and coordinators and that a instructor s function is to learn in category merely. Another ground identified was instructors felt everything was spelled out for them which leaves no room for instructors originative input. Those who believed in holding chances to take outside category maintained that denoting vacant degree supervisor and coordinator places reflected the Administration s position that instructors are capable of taking leading functions.The Arab respondents expressed assorted positions about the function of co-workers in taking on leading functions outside category. musical composition some respondents felt that their co-workers ( Arab transcripts ) .

Case Study Lois Quam Essay

1. How does Lois Quam use emotions and moods in her speeches to covey her viewpoint? Cite examples to fend your statements.What is emotion and mood? Emotions are a strong set of positive or negative feelings directed towards someone or something. Moods depict positive or negative feelings moreover, a state of mind. In Loiss quest for parking lot thriftiness it is quite clear that she is a buoyed, by a positive feeler as wellhead as a passionate compulsion of finding solutions to the issues of light-green economy.This is inferred several times in her dialogue with her audience. The idea that she left her well buttressed, cushy job at a leading investment firm to assumed the leadership of a saucilyly formed companionship that deals with global problems of green economy indicates she is not only passionate, but she is driven by positive responses and emotional influences. This digest be inferred when she openly states I am an optimist about our emerging which is why I stated T ysvar, the challenges we face from climate change are immense, but so are our capabilities and the rewards and benefits to humanity are even greater in the new green economy2. Based on what you have learned about Lois Quam, create hypotheses about the military postures of her colleagues at Tysvar while using the three fundamental components of attitudes in your theories. Visionary, professional, educational these three components comprise attitude. Obviously to be a part of Ms. Quams team one must be a visionary, as indicated in her bio, Lois left Piper Jaffray to become the founder and chief executive officer of Tysvar LLC in short she took a chance with her vison of stainable new green economy and diversified health care reform and made it all the way to becoming appointedby President Barrak Obama as the executive director with emphasis on women, children, and new born for the entire country. Therefore, the attitudes of her college must be considered with her drive passion an d attitude.Professionally being a CEO of a company she founded Lois ensured that strict professional attitude was maintained in her Minnesota based company. This is evident when she gave a speech at the University of St. Thomas on emerging opportunities within the NGE she said then I enjoyed sharing how we all can use these key capabilities as platform for doing something you love. Imagine helping to build the NGE with a purposeful passion. It doesnt it get overmuch better than that. Conversely one can derive that information is also a key component to attitudinal change and development with in a company that was diverse and being fast track into becoming a s successful fortune five hundred company.3. Take a moment to interrogation the Global Health Initiative. Why do you believe Lois Quam was chosen to lead this program? Louis Quam was named in 2006 by fortune magazine, one of America 50 nearly powerful women. Her portfolio indicated that she worked as the head of strategic inve stment, green economy and health at Pipper Jaffrey a leading international investment bank, including stints as president and CEO of the public, and senior market segment. As well as serving on the Minnesota health care commission taking on industry giants, and take insurance to tens of thousands of Minnesotans. If that is not an impeccable curriculum vitae then what is? Having come from Norwegian immigrants Lois story must be told and in so doing her vison, her perceptiveness, and passion can be combined to equalize her being chosen to lead this program.4. Research question Search news reports, Web sites, and blogs to find out more information on Tysvar. How is the company faring in its quest to make the world cleaner and safer for future generations? What implications might that have on Tysvars employees, their attitudes, and job satisfaction? notwithstanding many challenges and unforeseen deterrences Tyvsar continues to be a formidable driving jampack in NGE. Ms. Quans vision c ontinues to be the leading force as well as, a collective positive influence from her entireteam of employees and management making Tysvar a global new green economy force to reckoned with.The company has adapted new measures and is now attached to the Norwegian global initiative. There have been expansion within the global new green economy since Ms,Quams recognition by President Obama. The operation at NGE continues to flourish.The company is using AquaFence, a Norwegian manufacturer of transportable flood protective covering barriers. Quam also announced she will be installing a new CEO of Tysvar early next year. Which brings us back home to our company, Tysvar, and our three areas of focusing? Scaling the New Green Economy. Staffing the NGE with the best and brightest people anywhere. Contributing to a successful and on-going Norwegian-American NGE collaborative.

Brand awareness, recall or recognition

Discuss which form of blemish aw beness, recall or recognition, is plausibly to be involved with purchase decisions for brands in a number of categories, and why. coca plant Cola Coca Cola has a strong brand informedness. The first issue eitherone in the world will probably recognize are the colorize red and white, these are the colors Coca Cola uses in their logo from the beginning.Related to these colors is the Coca Cola font that hasnt changed a lot over the years, it always had the same style and size. Coca Cola also sponsors a lot of sports, charities and events wad like to be seen with a overlap that does such things as it makes them feel right or cool Coca Cola stand for sustainability this attracts people who are focusing on environmental awareness. These days being environmental friendly is very important also to people that are not very aware of these subjects will see that its a good thing to recycle.The Coca Cola commercials are very famous for their Jingles, tune s and creativity. These commercials are broadcasted so many times the Coca Cola tunes will be remembered by consumers which will most likely result in a purchase. Since people recognize Coca Cola beautiful easy, they know Its an A brand product. Apple One of the strong characteristics from Apple Is their design Its always smooth, fancy and one of a kind. also Its a full stop for the eye Its also useful for very diverse In aspects in the CIT and design world.The Apple logo Is placed on every product In every technology line, this makes the products recognizable for consumers. A lot of Apple products are shown In TV shows and movies all around the world. This makes the product more desirable for consumers as they see their heroes using these rodents. Apple Is the number one brand In the world this kernel most of the people In the world know this product as popular, people want to be popular as Apple Is the popular brand they will grease ones palms ItApple has an entire family of products, you can sync all these products so you will have all your Information at every time. If you do a video on your phone and watch It on your TV you simply synchronize your Apple TV to your Phone, there Is no need to buy any other products. Every Apple product has Its personal magnetism and Is known for It reliability and easy usage. Consumers Like easy to handle products and Apple has proven Itself so many times In this field. Its easy and wont let you rarify Recognize Coca Cola pretty easy, they know its an A brand product.One of the strong characteristics from Apple is their design its always smooth, fancy and one of a kind. Besides its a catch for the eye its also useful for very diverse in aspects in the CIT and design world. The Apple logo is placed on every product in Apple products are shown in TV shows and movies all around the world. This makes products. Apple is the number one brand in the world this means most of the people in the world know this product as pop ular, people want to be popular as Apple is the popular brand they will buy itApple has an entire family of products, you can synchronize all these products so you will have all your information at every time. If you made a video on your phone and watch it on your TV you simply synchronize your Apple TV to your phone, there is no need to buy any other products. Every Apple product has its charisma and is known for it reliability and easy usage. Consumers like easy to handle products and Apple has proven itself so many times in this field. Its easy and wont let you down

Senior year

The time has fin solelyy arrived less(prenominal) than a month to aged(a) alumnauation. Just not to a fault long ago I was school term down in the language hall getting my elderly portraits done . Let was a very long processes try to meet out what outfit I was going to wear , trying this and trying that on until I show the perfect outfit for my utmost(a) set of high school pictures. formerly it came time to do the bonnet and gown pictures it hit me that this is literally my tolerate and final course of high school.Who would have known that your elder course is literally the most expensive division in all f the years youve been in high school. Spirit packs are a must during your senior year which includes a cute backpack, sunglasses, and a lanyard yea it was a bit on the pricey side but so what its senior year. Then you have all the books that finally decided to catch up with you that you have to break for because you were too lazy to keep up with them. Cap and gow n, Prom, All night grad party and of course the year book is all a part of those dues no one wants to pay but take up to because Its your last year.Choosing graduation Invitations was hard because there were so many efferent packages to choose from then having to make a list of the people you wanted to Invite. Its hard to know that this year was a year for a hardening of last time things. The last Whereon vs South lakes football game thankfully we won that game. My very last year of playing powder puff with the girls of 2014 that have literally contend every year plan of attack the senior year. This year was our year at the pep rally organism able to see our year showed In the dance was great, we went crazy seeing that because this Is our year to shine.Senior yearThe time has finally arrived less than a month to senior graduation. Just not too long ago I was sitting down in the lecture hall getting my senior portraits done . Let was a very long processes trying to figure out wha t outfit I was going to wear , trying this and trying that on until I found the perfect outfit for my last set of high school pictures. Once it came time to do the cap and gown pictures it hit me that this is literally my last and final year of high school.Who would have known that your senior year is literally the most expensive year in all f the years youve been in high school. Spirit packs are a must during your senior year which includes a cute backpack, sunglasses, and a lanyard yea it was a bit on the pricey side but so what its senior year. Then you have all the books that finally decided to catch up with you that you have to pay for because you were too lazy to keep up with them. Cap and gown, Prom, All night grad party and of course the year book is all a part of those dues no one wants to pay but choose to because Its your last year.Choosing graduation Invitations was hard because there were so many efferent packages to choose from then having to make a list of the people you wanted to Invite. Its hard to know that this year was a year for a lot of last time things. The last Whereon vs South lakes football game thankfully we won that game. My very last year of playing powder puff with the girls of 2014 that have literally played every year approaching the senior year. This year was our year at the pep rally being able to see our year showed In the dance was great, we went crazy seeing that because this Is our year to shine.

Martha’s Vineyard Essay

AbstractI chose Marthas vineyard as the subject of my School Context Paper. Marthas vinery is New Englands largest resort island and lies seven-spot miles off the coast of Cape Cod in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It is accessible by ferry or plane and. The island is roughly peerless hundred squargon miles with 124.6 miles of tidal shoreline. Marthas vineyard has a year-round population of about twenty thousand residents that grows to unmatchable hundred thousand in the summer with an additional twenty five thousand visitors coming and going on the ferries every day.thither are half a dozen towns that makeup the island Aquinnah, Chilmark, Edgartown, Oak Bluffs, West Tisbury and vineyard Haven ( also known as Tisbury). The island is outstrip known for its miles of beautiful beaches, quaint villages and natural beauty. On the vineyard there is only one regional advanced school which offers a vocational program for its students along with five state-supported elementary sc hools, one public charter school, several private pre- schools and an active home schooling network. The school system also provides for children with modified necessitys from ages three to twenty two.Assignment 2 School Context PaperI chose Chilmark, a village located on Marthas Vineyard to write my paper on. Marthas Vineyard is located about seven miles off the coast of Cape Cod. It is a triangular shaped island that is baseball club miles wide and twenty three miles long with a total land subject area of approximately one hundred square miles and 124.6 miles of tidal shoreline. You can travel by ferry to reach the island, which takes about 40 five minutes from the mainland, or you can take a plane that will fly you to the only airport on the island located in its center. It is New Englands largest resort island.There are six towns (or villages) on the island Aquinnah, Chilmark, Edgar Town, Oak Bluff, West Tisbury and Vineyard Haven. There is one regional high school, one pub lic charter school and five public elementary schools serving the Vineyard. These are administered through the office of the super of Schools.The All-Island School Committee is composed of members from all of the towns. The Up-Island Regional order committee hires the superintendent and oversees shared programs that armed service all Island schools. These resources are available through Central Administration Superintendent of Schools, Assistant Supt. for Curriculum & Instruction, theater director of Student Support Services, Assistant to the Superintendent for Business Affairs, Financial Administrative Assistants, Administrative Secretary, Business Secretaries, Treasurer, chip in Administrator, Receptionist/Clerk and Special Education Secretary. Special Services are available such as call 1 Coordinator, Early Childhood Coordinator/Consultant, Occupational Therapists, School Psychologists, Speech Pathologists, Autism Specialist and ELL Director. Chapter 766 provides for the ed ucational needs of children with special needs. The school system provides for every child, regardless of handicap, between the ages of 3 and 22.The law requires parental involvement and a network of services including that of a school psychologist, occupational therapist, and psychiatric and nursing services under the counselling of a special education administrator. The school system also operates a special needs preschool, called render Headway (http//www.mvy.com/Vineyard_Community/ universe_School.aspx frightful 2012). I chose Chilmarks school system and the Up-island Regional regularize as my area of focus. The Population of Chilmark was eight hundred and ninety four as of July 2009 with the estimated median household income of fifty seven thousand, one hundred and eight dollars. The major business of Chilmark is construction with Carpentry being the most frequent occupation. The Chilmark School serves students in grades K-5.Chilmark students in grades 6-8 attend the West Tisbury School and Marthas Vineyard Regional naughty School serves grades 9-12 for the whole island. Students can also apply to The Vineyard Public Charter School. The enrollment indicators for these schools are as follows Chilmark primary School enrolled fifty two students, W. Tisbury enrolled three hundred and twenty five students for grades pre k thru 8, Marthas Vineyard Regional High School enrolled six hundred and sixty nine students and The Vineyard Public Charter School enrolled one hundred and eighty one students for the 2011-2012 school year. Chilmarks Public Elementary/Middle School Mission controversy states that,Chilmark Elementary School is committed to equipping students with the tools they need for academic, personal and social achievement.Chilmark Elementary School enables every student to reach their highest potential by establishing a curriculum that meets or exceeds government standards for education providing extracurricular programs that develop childrens men tal, physical and social skills and partnering with parents and the society to create an environment geared to the success of all students( http//massachusetts.webschoolpro.com/chilmark-elementary-school_MA00707740010/mission.htmlAugust 2012). West Tisburys School Mission Statement states that The West Tisbury School staff strives to provide a solid academic foundation, to inspire a chouse of learning for the sake of learning, to foster an understanding of basic human determine with a working association of the rights and responsibilities associated with those values, and to pass on independent thinking through cooperative and inclusive learning while maintaining the unique values of our diverse, rural island community.We strive To teach solid academic skills, to instill a love of learning and to promote an understanding of human values (http//wtisburyschool.org/modules/cms/pages.phtml?pageid=225325&SID August 2012). Marthas Vineyard Regional High Schools Mission Statement sta tes that Marthas Vineyard Regional High School will provide a safe, active teaching and learning environment where students strive for academic excellence and endeavor to achieve the high level of intellectual and interpersonal skills needed for success in a culturally diverse society. each students educational experience will prepare him/her to be a self-confident womb-to-tomb learner, able to set and achieve individual goals, and to become a contributing member of a merciful and democratic society (http//www.mvrhs.org/pos/POS-2011-2-Eng.pdf1August 2012).The Marthas Vineyard Public Charter School is a K-12 public school. Families do not pay tuition. An application is filled out and then the student body is drawn from a lottery. The mission statement of the Marthas Vineyard Public Charter School states that It is the mission of The Marthas Vineyard Public Carter School to create a public school that willcultivate life-long learners in a multi-aged, project-based setting. To thisen d, each student in the K-12 school works from a personal education plan that sets special(prenominal) obtainable and challenging goals.In addition to meeting the state mandated curriculum frameworks, students experience a adequate array of other educational arenas outside of the academic classroom. The entire Island serves as campus where an educational alliance of parents, educators, businesses, artisans and community services is formed (http//www.mvy.com/Vineyard_Community/Marthas_Vineyard_Public_Charter_School.aspx August 2012). The chart below shows some of the MCAS ratings for the school year 2010-2011Massachusetts Elementary School Rankings3rd, 4th Grades CombinedMCAS position Language Arts & MCAS Mathematics2010-2011Rank* (of 895)School District CityTisbury Elementary Tisbury Vineyard HavenHighGrade Total students (2010) Student/ Teacher Ratio (2010) MCAS, avg Mathematics** (2011) 8 305 8.2 88.5MCAS, avg English Language Arts** (2011) MCAS Combined Rank Change from 2011) 8 6.5 175.0 up 23 School District CityW. Tisbury ElementaryUp island Regional West TisburyHighGrade Total students (2010) Student/ Teacher Ratio (2010) MCAS, avg Mathematics** (2011)8 276 7.8 79.5MCAS, avg English Language Arts** (2011 MCAS Combined Rank Change from 2010 82.0 165.9 down 19(http//www.schooldigger.com/go/MA/schoolrank.aspx August 2012Reference Listhttp//www.mvy.com/Vineyard_Community/Town_Information.aspxhttp//www.mvy.com/Vineyard_Community/Public_Schools.aspxhttp//www.mvy.com/Vineyard_Community/Education.aspxhttp//www.mvrhs.org/pos/POS-2011-2-Eng.pdfhttp//profiles.doe.mass.edu/state_report/enrollmentbygrade.aspxhttp//www.city data.cim/city/Chilmark-Massachusetts.htmlhttp//massachusetts.webschoolpro.com/chilmark-elementary-school_MA00707740010/mission.htmlhttp//profiles.doe.mass.edu/mcas/performance_level.aspx?linkid=32&orgcode=07740010&orgtypecode=6&http//www.schooldigger.com/go/MA/schoolrank.aspxhttp//wtisburyschool.org/modules/cms/pages.phtml?pageid=225325&SIDhttp//w ww.mvy.com/Vineyard_Community/Marthas_Vineyard_Public_Charter_School.aspx

Revolution on British government and society Essay

It is non so overmuch the events of 1688 that constitute a whirling as the subsequent changes in the composition that show a conversion in the nature and political theory of regime. There was no internal uprising, no civil war and more than(prenominal) than or less all-important(prenominal)ly, the succession of William of Orange and his married woman Mary to the English skunk was authorised by a Convention, playing in lieu of parliament in the absence of King pile II. Indeed it could be argued that this was not a revolution at all, if jam de dispelure is to be interpreted as his abdication.Contemporaries, keen to fill in the unpopular, Catholic sovereign with a man who was seen as a deliverer from popery and slavery, reasoned as such. In actual position pack never did renounce his claim to the throne. Fleeing capital letter of the United Kingdom in the late(prenominal) of night, he took with him The Great Seal, traditionally held by the cr have goted head and d ropped it in the Thames and he burnt the writs that were to call anew parliament. He would later attempt to recapture his crown, rallying support in Ireland to prepare for an invasion that was to fail. only if whether or not this dynastic change, made by those who, in hypothesis, did not have the authority to do so, is enough to deserve the title revolution, what cannot be denied is that this marks the end of the era of the absolute sovereign. Williams solution of Rights, which was to become statute within a year, echoed Lockean ideas of sovereignty, supporting a parliament that was to keep check on the authority of the monarch and protecting Rights and Liberties of the people. No King or Queen in that location afterward would be qualified to rule as James or Charles had done before them.In the years future(a) the revolution a system of disposal working through the authority of the executive Privy Council and the houses of Lords and commons, headed by the monarch soon evolved into a working body that formed the basis of what we still have for government today. By the 1720s the way Britain is ruled had been turned around, but the changes cannot be solely accredited to the events of 1688. When William invaded England he had European motives at heart. He was keen to avoid a spousal relationship of France and England that would be a threat to the Protestants of the Northern and Germanic lands.He was aware of James unpopularity as a Catholic ruler of an overwhelmingly Protestant farming and he sought to bewilder advantage of this to try and win allies. He expected to meet with resistivity and had prepared and army of troops, but James was deserted by the small-scale support he had to get going with in the face of danger, eventually even by his closest advisors and his own sister. William toured England for four weeks, propagandising himself as a saviour from James evil counsellors, who had challenged the laws, liberties, customs and religion and cute to revive Catholicism.He arrived in London and in the absence of the monarch the city was occupied and ordered by his Dutch soldiers while a decision could be r severallyed. It is important to remember that William never independently pose any claim to the throne he had expected to meet resi view in England. He aimed to battle against what he saw as a catholic threat, which he was careful to stress as being on the part of James advisors and not the King himself, and although the uphold that this revolution had was pro comprise, it was not all part of a pre-ordained plan. What followed was an immediate crisis.The capital was under the order of foreign troops and the King had deserted. It forced the political nation to examine the constitution and find a solution. A Convention was called and a vote was taken to offer the throne to William and his wife Mary, daughter of the departed king on January 22nd 1689, only a month after James departure. It was a hasty political decision, pres sure was felt by the presence of Dutch troops, but there was also a Protestant fear of James gathering support and returning, or claims being laid for his infant son, whom he had taken with him.There was resistance, the House of Lords initially voted against the idea, feeling they had sworn an oath of faithfulness to James, that he was still their king, and that such radical action was not right. A monarch is not elective. The theory was that the monarch was granted his authority form God and man was not to meddle with His choice. There was no support for a republic, with the feeling that a firm figurehead was necessary to maintain order and a deep attachment felt for hierarchy and patriarchy.Yet to instate a new monarch seemed in itself to do by the whole principal of monarchy. Under pressure from the Commons and from William and Mary themselves and with no other solution, the Lords were finally swayed, their stance weakened by internal disunity and mistrust. Interpretation of t he finer details of the theory of monarchy and nuances of vocabulary played and important role in this unique revolution, which, on the whole, was met with popular support. William and Mary had been put on the throne as an alternative to James II.Parliament had granted them this privilege and they were willing to allow parliament a more active role in government. The revolution had been almost ad hoc and there was sparse new ideology to implement, the Convention drawn up by parliament was effectively a reaction to the way in which both Charles II and James II had ruled and a call to protect the peoples ancient and indubitable rights. It was more of a written version of what was previously expected behaviour with little fundamental change to the relationship among legislative and executive powers specified.But William had to accept this as a code of practise from his parliament, recognising that even if the monarch had popularity and capability, he needed to work through the legisl ative powers. The monarch was required to call parliament to session, but this would be inevitable as William was only granted a years revenue. Parliament had the authority to oversee all public expenditure and so the monarch would always be dependant on them. Changes to the structure of government took effect gradually during the years following the revolution, but from the start the role of parliament was augmented, which initiated subsequent educations.They met for much longer sessions than before 1688, enabling a great deal more rule to be passed, and allowing for Bills to be more thoroughly debated. Much of the legislation passed was still local or occasional in essence, such as permission to build a workhouse, but although this could be viewed as undermining the revolutionary nature of parliaments more prominent role, the fact that MPs were more available to take action on their electorates specific grievances, helped to ease the frictions between local and executive power a s the nations political make-up was evolving.Although from a sophisticated perspective these changes are viewed as progressing towards a more rational system of government, during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, people were often concerned about social stability which they believed was at risk with so much legal development. It was a commonly held view that life should be stable and predictable. People wanted to feel sure of their position, their income and their king and government.In an era where the poor always risked slipping into poverty after a self-aggrandizing harvest, increasing involvement in foreign warfare and frequent changes in the government, questions were raise about the permanence of law, and whether Common Laws of liberty and property, viewed by many as sacred, were at risk. But at court the belief that good government was upheld by frequent parliament, against the weakness of individual MPs or encroachment by the monarch led to the Trienn ial venture of 1694, limiting parliament to three years. Elections were held on average every two years and there were various amendments and contests in between.This make out was later replaced and the while extended to seven years, the advisors to the king often too easily influenced elections proved costly and short-lived parliaments. The Act shows parliament as uncertain of its own role, and is an example of a developing government that was evolving along its own path in the years following the revolution, more caused by what the revolutions changes allowed rather than what they intended. The development of the two key political parties, the Whigs and the Tories is another feature of this evolution of government.With three active parts to the government all being of equally weighted importance, and more frequent changes of personnel in parliament, there was more of a need than ever for politicians to associate themselves with a certain ideology and for Lords and MPs to suppor t each other to push through Bills. William himself wanted to remain above the level of company, which he did, and indeed, there were members of parliament, more so in the House of Lords who chose to be independent and cast their vote on issues individually.But the solidarity of party was the most effective way of getting laws passed and King George himself, not many years later, was aligned with the Whigs, who although in the days of the revolution had been in favour of political progression, now came of as the monarchical party and there were suspicions of Jacobinism in the Tories. Religion was still a very important factor in political sympathies, despite the Act of Toleration in 1689, which allowed non-Anglican Protestants to swear allegiance to the throne.There was still a widely held belief that sacred homogony was key to social stability, but it had been the clergy that had shown the most resistance to William taking the crown, and with no clear heir in line for the throne the problem of succession and the possibility of a Jacobite up-rising prompted him, a Calvinist himself, to attempt to take Protestant minorities, especially those in Scotland and Ireland. Although the law did not make any exception for Catholics or Quakers, it did pass on a nose out of tolerance that was benefited by both groups.The Quakers would be later allowed the right to practise in legalised meetinghouses, but Catholics still posed a threat, especially in Ireland, where the population was largely Catholic. After the Revolution, James had attempted to reclaim his throne, starting in Ireland, arranging support from France for the Catholic cause. But James lacked the lead and resolve that he met in William when they met at battle in Derry and Enniskillen and he again escaped to France. The supposed bloodless revolution may have been so in England, but in both Ireland and Scotland the rebirth was not so smooth.Civil war in Ireland exhausted James supporters into defeat and in Scotland a series of highland wars lasted around five months in 1691, which initially started as a Jacobite up rising. William found Scotland impossible to manage. Although not dominated by Catholics, it was not predominantly Anglican either and James had more support here because of his familys close ties with Scotland. In the years following the Revolution, Scotland was only reluctantly part of Britain.She had her own laws and traditions, presided over by a Scottish parliament in Edinburgh, which declared even go on independence with the abolition of the Lord of Articles, further undermining control from Westminster and making Scotland appear more of a threat. William would not be able to exert his Royal will through Edinburgh. But following a bad harvest in 1695, with many dying of hunger or fleeing to Ulster, Scotland realised the benefits of a closer Union with England to involve herself in Englands efficient internal trade and lucrative colonial empire.The Act of union ca me into effect in 1707, dissolving the parliament in Edinburgh and instating peers and MPs from Scotland at Westminster. In England, the union provoke little reaction, but in Scotland it was bitterly opposed by many. Problems within Scotland were often a head of internal social divisions, most markedly between the highland clans and their more anglicised lowland neighbours, who had seen the union as a way to improve Scotlands economy. The death of Queen Anne in 1714 proved a serious start for the union.The question was raised of the possible succession of her Catholic half brother, but with the Act of blockage from 1701 forbidding any non-Protestant to sit on the throne, the Crown was inherited by George I. He faced a Jacobite uprising within the year, but his reign is largely characterised as a time of peace and congeneric stability after the turbulent post-revolutionary years. The Glorious Revolution had seemed on the surface to be swift, decisive and painless, further the p rincipals of change that as Burke claimed justified it as a revolution took years to really take shape.By the time of King George the role of monarch had been dramatically reviewed, no longer seen as a ruler from God, but as a figure head for a nation governed by a system of parliament, which relied on the mutual dependency of the two houses and the executive to abide by a sense of appropriate behaviour. Queen Anne was the last to use the Royal veto, something much exploited by the monarchs before 1688, the whole kit of parliament and the Privy Council had become more regular and thorough and a system of party politics had developed.The characters of William, Anne and George, who all failed to immerse themselves in domestic affaires and the extraordinary calibre of ministers at work during this time, perhaps jutting the transition but it still remains that, while the revolution of 1688 had a profound and lasting impact on British society and government, the relationship worked bot h ways. The practical workings of British society and government were what moulded the developments after the revolution, developments that justified the glorious revolution to be called as such.