The White Man s Burden - 1415 Words

Throughout the 18th, 19th, and mid-20th century, Britain was the most recognized and powerful colonial power in the world. With colonies stretching from islands in the Caribbean to islands in the far Pacific, Britain had built an empire using this idea imperialism—the domination and exertion of contemporary British ideas, most often through trade, investments, and occupation. This display of British power certainly resonated with many throughout the world, especially other European powers that had imperialistic fascinations of their own. In fact, the spread of imperialism was encouraged to ‘white’ nations across the globe. This encouragement can best be seen in Rudyard Kipling’s â€Å"The White Man’s Burden.† However, at the same time, the†¦show more content†¦Kipling states that these men should send their sons into exile in these uncivilized nations in order to fulfill what the ‘captives’ need. He states that those that do take up the call to bear the white man’s burden must be patient and not prideful. What Kipling recognizes from his time and experiences in India is that, often, there could be complications with communication. Because of this, one must remain patient with the ‘sullen people,’ while at the same time, slow to pride. Further encouraging white men, Kipling states that they must fill the mouth of Famine and drive out the sickness that currently plagues India. While he considers the duties he asks of the white men noble, Kipling plainly states that they will not live like kings; it is tough and dirty work. He acknowledges the poor conditions when he states â€Å"no tawdry rule of kings, but toil of serf and sweeper.† These are the conditions of those they hope to bring into civilization. In his ideal civilization, Kipling believes there is a standard—the British standard. In every facet of civilization, he believes in the British way. This belief is seen when he states, â€Å"ye dare not stoop to less.† Kipling calls for the best out of those who choose to fulfill their duty. Also, just as expected a capitalist from Britain, Kipling believes in gaining profit, seen when he states, â€Å"seek another’s profit, andShow MoreRelatedThe White Man s Burden10652 Words   |  43 Pageshave the urge to defend it’ Étienne De La Boà ©tie Take up the White Man s burden– Ye dare not stoop to less– Nor call too loud on Freedom To cloke yourRead MoreWhite Man s Burden By Rudyard Kipling1354 Words   |  6 Pages Imperialism English writer Rudyard Kipling published a very famous poem called â€Å"White Man’s Burden† in 1899 which embodied the European feel of superiority over the indigenous peoples. Kipling published this poem when the Americans were conquering different places. In fact, the original subtitle of this poem was â€Å"The United States and the Philippine Islands.† This was because the United States had acquired the Philippines from Spain after winning the Spanish-American War. KiplingRead MoreThe White Man s Burden By William Wordsworth2469 Words   |  10 Pagesin the future† (â€Å"Classic†). Many poems are significant because of the writing that is portrayed for our pleasure using our emotions. Characters from different novels tend to have the same characteristics that poems have. Kipling’s poem, â€Å"The White Man’s Burden†, written and published in 1899, speaks about the power that one race has over another. The character Heathcliff from the novel, Wuthering Heights, depicts the characteristics shown throughout this poem. Kipling’s poem articulates superiorityRead MoreAnalysis Of Forster s The White Man s Burden 852 Words   |  4 Pageshave the urge to defend it’ Étienne De La Boà ©tie Take up the White Man s burden– Ye dare not stoop to less– Nor call too loud on Freedom To cloke yourRead MoreThe White Man s Burden By Daniel Richter1083 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"agency† through discussing their agriculture, culture, and civilization as a whole. The Never forgotten article portrays the tragedy of the Native American population through discussing their negative stereotypes and the â€Å"White Man’s Burden†. As a result of the â€Å"White Man’s Burden†, we see misconceptions of their humanity and culture. In the story of Pocahontas, we do not get the view of a Native American individual, instead an Englishman by the name of John Smith tells a narrative of Indian PrincessRead MoreThe White Man s Burden By Rudyard Kipling10612 Words   |  43 Pageshave the urge to defend it’ Étienne De La Boà ©tie Take up the White Man s burden– Ye dare not stoop to less– Nor call too loud on Freedom To cloke yourRead MoreThe White Man s Burden By William Easterly1704 Words   |  7 Pages‘The White Man’s Burden’ is a book by William Easterly. The book explain why Western relief has done more harm than good. There are high poverty levels in Africa where millions of children are dying from easily preventable diseases despite the increase in foreign aid. Gordon brown called for doubling of foreign aid which was a Marshall plan to help the world’s poor countries. According to Easterly, the West spent around $2.3 trillion on foreign aid for the past five decades and has not yet managedRead MoreA White Man s Burden, And Achebe s Things Fall Apart1747 Words   |  7 Pagespoem, â€Å"A White Man’s Burden,† and Achebe’s â€Å"Things Fall Apart,† have been written in order to support or go against colonization. But despite much debate, colonization has been a tradition that has caused those regions being colonized much struggle and negativity. The novel Things Fall Apart, speaks of the life of Umuofia2, a fictional Nigerian village, and its traditions before colonization and then the changes it faces at the initiation of colonization. It is based around the life of a man named OkonkwoRead MoreAndrew Black s Schooling The World : The White Man s Last Burden Essay1014 Words   |  5 Pageseducation in the world becomes similar gradually. At the same time, the debates about whether modern education is advantaged or not appears. Based on the schools in Ladakh (the north of Indian Himalayas), Carol Black’s â€Å"Schooling the World: The White Man’s Last Burden (2010)† mainly focuses on the consideration of modern education from several aspects: modern education loses the teachings of inner spiritual and survival skill; modern school is like factories and student is the product; and too much concernRead MoreAnalysis Of Rudyard Kipling s The White Man s Burden / Send Forth The Best Ye Breed1132 Words   |à ‚  5 PagesIt was 1899 when poet and author Rudyard Kipling issued his famous call to â€Å"Take up the White Man s burden / Send forth the best ye breed† (290). Kipling thought that the culture of predominantly white, Western nations, such as America and England, was superior to foreign cultures. He was an admirer of British imperialism in India, and was a strong advocate for America’s involvement in the Philippines. Kipling earnestly believed that foreign peoples would benefit from the forceful introduction of

The Landscape Of Qualitative Research - 890 Words

For this week’s reading, we read â€Å"The Landscape of Qualitative Research---Feminisms and Qualitative Research at and into the Millennium† by Virginia L. Olesen. The author started out by introducing that feminist qualitative research is diverse, active and challenging to the professions, supporters and the judges. This type of research is changeful and emergent. The works done by the feminists help create a base for other researches, movements and guidelines that help exceed and convert. Feminisms involves various fictitious and functional directions. In order to give the readers a better background and concept about the things that feminist scholars are currently debating, the author first introduced the topic â€Å"Scope and Topics of Feminist Qualitative Research†. People always view qualitative research as the most useful research method; as a result, it narrowed the questions into subjective areas. Feminist work pay attention and focus on the women’s experiences from daily lives in order to prevent limited views. The feminist qualitative research examined women in two different fields, they are education and health respectively. Women are seen to be â€Å"gentlemen† in law school because they worry a lot about their kids’ schooling and they struggle with inhibiting structures. When they are analyzing the policy, it is mainly quantitative and dominated by males. The two general areas that they concentrate on is â€Å"the substance, construction, and emergence of specific policy issues;Show MoreRelatedA Research on Saudi Aramco Company1183 Words   |  5 Pagesprimary research. Assessment Process: Develop topic and research questions Establish methodology and justification Obtain appropriate permissions Produce research materials Phases of Primary Research Collection and analysis of data Conclusions and recommendations based on data (Robson, 2011). Methodology For research to be viable, it must have epistemological validation or our ability as researchers to understand how we know what we know and what basis we make assumptions on research topicsRead MoreGeography Assignment : Landforms And Landscapes1408 Words   |  6 PagesGeography Assignment: Landforms and Landscapes (Stage 1) How Has Rainfall Impacted Stalactite Formation in the Princess Margaret Rose Cave? Concepts The seven concepts of geography are used many times by geographers and each concept plays a key role in landscapes and landforms. Space, Place, Interconnection, Change, Environment, Scale and Sustainability re all the 7 concepts geographers use. The landscape Princess Margaret Rose Cave is arguably the most attractive cave in Victoria and in theRead MoreThreat Landscape Of Online Fraud Risk Management1460 Words   |  6 Pages1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Introduction to threat landscape of online fraud risk management The Online banking and financial services have revolutionised the consumer and corporate banking industry in the last few decades or so by giving customers the power to conduct their banking anytime, anywhere and without all kinds of paperwork and branch visits. This has been possible with the help of massive investments in information technology, systems and communication infrastructure linking the banking industryRead MoreInvestigating Strategic Measures For The Retention Success982 Words   |  4 Pagesproficiency, their level of collaboration with one another is once in a while bargained. Such gatherings may experience issues functioning admirably with one another as they may be regionally and unwilling to collaborate. This study begins the qualitative methodology of analyzing the use and force of institutional effort devoted to strategies and practices and the potential associations between these hierarchical structures and student outcomes at the University of North Carolina a t Pembroke. UNCPRead MoreDeveloping A Long Term Condition Using Patient Education1600 Words   |  7 Pages Focus groups are a popular method used to capture views and opinions for qualitative research. 3.2 Search Strategy A comprehensive search was undertaken to identify a suitable research paper using a variety of online sources searching for patient experience in managing a long-term condition using patient education. Simple Google searches (including Google Scholar), academic databases (PubMed) and scientific databases (ScienceDirect) were used to identify a paper, using question-specific searchRead More A Qualitative Exploration of the Spatial Needs of Homeless Drug Users Living in Hostels and Night Shelters 1702 Words   |  7 Pageshoused in hostels/night shelters was paramount. The task of the critical appraisal is to firstly, summarise the research article A Qualitative Exploration of the Spatial Needs of Homeless Drug Users Living in Hostels and Night Shelters (2013), discuss the methodology presented throughout it and further examine if whether it was appropriate for the topic. Towards the end, the research findings will be discussed and an assessment of whether the article is beneficial for the housing sector or not,Read MoreScience And Fisheries Thesaurus : Environmental Factors, Genetic Diversity, Fjords, Marine Species Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Marine environmental landscape parameters play an important role in promoting population genetic differentiation in marine organisms (Selkoe et al., 2008). Consequently, identifying environmental parameters that promote population genetic differentiation is a major focus of study in evolutionary biology (Selkoe et al., 2008). Most research on the effects of the environmental marine landscape on the genetics of population structure has been qualitative (e.g. Jà ¸rgensen et al., 2005; GalindoRead MoreDemographic Profile For Customers Most Likely Use The Gym s Services Essay1730 Words   |  7 Pagesaway But do not worry about these things if they do not register as agreed, then there, then you can provide them with simple actions that are valuable content via Facebook, Twitter and email. A statement of your research objectives/hypotheses. Purpose The purpose of this research report is available with a variety of services and different exercises in the form of new customers for a range of different settings across the many, many things. Performance in the performance of work that representedRead MoreOnline Banking And Financial Services1440 Words   |  6 Pageshas come at a cost for the banks. Financial crime or fraud in the last few decades was largely restricted to cheque or loan fraud by individual fraudsters. The perpetrators seem to have kept pace with the evolution in banking services. The threat landscape today is such that every time the banking industry presents innovative financial products and a convenient way to do business with its customers, it also attracts a whole new category of fraud risk and new opportunities for the fraudsters. The financialRead MoreThe Impact Of Mobile Commerce On Grocery And General Merchandise Retailers1841 Words   |  8 PagesImpact assessment of mobile commerce on grocery a nd general merchandise retailers Introduction The advent of iOS and Android and the corresponding increased sale of devices supported by these mobile operating systems seems to be changing the landscape of the retail industry not only in the United Kingdom but worldwide. Such rapid changes in technology have opened doors to new start-ups which create applications or so called apps to leverage the user base of the iOS and Android platforms and allow

Similarities and Differences Between High School and College free essay sample

It is up to us, as students, to manage our time, probably for the first time in our lives. Even with the advice and consent of an advisor, we are on our own when making our academic decisions. For example, in college we set our schedule, which is much more open and has much more flexibility than classes in high school. We will write a custom essay sample on Similarities and Differences Between High School and College or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We are able to attend classes whenever we wish in most cases. I had some friends who made sure they would not have to get up before 10 AM for their first class. We can take as many classes as we wish, and can lighten or burden our load as much as it suits our convenience or situation. Taking more classes can help us complete the academic requirements faster; but if we take fewer courses, we can concentrate more time and effort on those classes that are hardest for us. Another difference is the level of discourse in college over that in high school. It is assumed that all the basics of a course are mastered, and that we are proficient in them. The teacher coddles the student less and has higher expectations of us. We must be able to understand and engage with the teacher to be successful. College professors expect us to be able to think outside of the box and apply what we learn to new situations. Finally, another difference is cost. The tuition required for college typically exceeds the tuition we would pay for high schools. A lot of times also, the student will be responsible to pay for school, or at least pay a portion of their school fees. Many students take out loans or work to pay for their college. How we manage these differences and integrate them with the familiar aspects from high school will help determine how successful we are. One similarity is the structure of the institutions. Both high school and college have classes to attend and semesters throughout the academic year. These courses are facilitated by teachers and the overall direction is led by head educator. In high school he director is a principal, in college leader is the dean. Both have homework to complete and required courses to pass. Both institutions recognize outstanding achievement by qualifying students for the honor roll or dean’s list. By completing these tasks, we can earn our degrees. We receive our diplomas from high school and our associates or bachelor’s degree from college. Using these degrees, we move on to the next stage in our lives, whether it is higher education or finding a job in our chosen profession. These similarities, coupled with the understanding and successful implementation of the differences, will help make our college experience successful. In college, make up tests, extra credit or handing in late assignments do not exist. We must learn to manage ourselves and our academic career. All the tools we need are given to us from the time we get into high school. The structure and format are similar in both institutions, but in college it is up to the student to make an effort to take responsibility and improve performance. College is a time to learn and adjust to what is expected out of us by the world at large. It is a place to hone our skills and learn new ones, and a place to grow and evolve. We learn to improve on those strengths we achieved during high school and apply them to new opportunities during college. The most important transition from high school to college is to successfully navigate the known and unknown, and apply it to our academic lives. With a lot of hard work, we can be successful at college.

Rhetorical Analysis of Benjamin Franklin free essay sample

Political, social, and economic factors shaped Franklins writing The political circumstances Benjamin Franklin was in greatly influenced his writing of the Declaration of Independence, America was in turmoil with Britain and hey wanted to separate from them. The Declaration of Independence Is well known as the document that declared the need of separation of the colonies from the King of England. He reflects the political times in Poor Richards Almanac as well. In the almanac there is direct examples of important dates at the time and population figures around the world.The need for a almanac of this sorts was important to the people it gave them information about the world around them such as political ideologies. At the time also Franklin was very Into politics when he wrote the almanac. Morgan) The American Identity Influenced political papers Including the Declaration of Independence and Poor Richards Almanac by reflecting peoples and the writers feelings at the time. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis of Benjamin Franklin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Social issues were arising around the time of the American Revolution. America was just beginning and the colonies which were a mix of culture and beliefs were uniting to fight against Britain. The Declaration of Independence reflected all of the people. (Background History) It had to not conflict with the thirteen colonies staying within their social norms while still bringing a convincing argument to the King. The Poor Richards Almanac was a description of social culture, it brought together witty statements, popular articles, and even horoscopes. (Morgan) It was widely read and influenced directly by the events happening at the time. The importance of social queues were greatly reflected in the content of Franklins writing.The Declaration of Independence and Poor Richards Almanac were both written at a time when the economy had everything to do with the troubles of early Americans. Taxation by England had caused revolts In the colonies and the Declaration of Independence was an answer to the the Revolutionary war and the impugning taxes that were put on them. The Poor Richards Almanac also was a direct reflection of economic factors at the time. The almanac included predictions that were important to farmers at the time which were a major part of the economy.People from all classes poor and rich could benefit from the almanac. Economic factors at the time of Revolution were expressed throughout Franklins writings. Ben]amyl Franklin was able to reflect and summarize so many peoples thoughts during the American Revolution. He takes great care in being relatable yet firm. The shaping of his writings led to the shaping of the world around him. Background, History, And The Beginning Of The Revolution. Was the American Revolution a Revolution? N. P. , n. D. Web. 15 Seep. 2014. PIP Digital I U. S. Department of State. Democratic Origins and Revolutionary Writer 1776-1820. N. P. , 10 cot. 2013. Web. 15 seep. 2014. Morgan, Lisa. The Pennsylvania Center for the Book Poor Richards Almanacs. The Pennsylvania Center for the Book Poor Richards Almanacs. N. P. , June 2008. Web. 15 seep. 2014. Shampoo Editorial Team. Benjamin Franklin in The American Revolution. Shampoo. Com. Shampoo University, Inc. , 11 Novo. 2008. Web. 15 Seep. 2014. Part II: Rhetorical Analysis Excerpt from Benjamin Franklins Autobiography It was about this time I conceived the bold and arduous project of arriving at moral perfection.I wished to live without committing any fault at any time; I would conquer all that either natural inclination, custom, or company might lead me into. As I knew, or thought I knew, what was right and wrong, I did not see why I might not always do the one and avoid the other. But I soon found I had undertaken a task of more fisticuff than I had imagined. While my care was employed in guarding against one fault, I was often surprised by another; habit took the advantage of inattention; inclination was sometimes too strong for reason.I concluded, at length, that the mere speculative conviction that it was our interest to be completely virtuous was not sufficient to prevent our slipping, and that the contrary habits must be broken, and good ones acquired and established, before we can have any dependence on a steady, uniform rectitude of conduct. For this purpose I therefore contrived the following method. In the various enumerations of the moral virtues I met in my reading, I found the catalogue more or less numerous, as different writers included more or fewer ideas under the same name.Temperance, for example, was by some confined to eating and drinking, while by others it was extended to mean the moderating every other pleasure, appetite, inclination, or passion, bodily or mental, even to our avarice and with fewer ideas annexed to each, than a few names with more ideas; and I included under thirteen names of virtues all that at that time occurred to me as necessary or ascribable, and annexed to each a short precept, which fully expressed the extent I gave to its meaning.These names of virtues, with their precepts were: Temperance Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation. Silence Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation. Order Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time. Resolution Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve. Frugality Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself, I. E. , waste nothing. Industry Lose no time; be always employed in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions. Sincerity. Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and Justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly. Justice Wrong none by doing injuries or omitting the benefits that are your duty. Moderation Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve. Cleanliness Tolerate no uncleanness in body, clothes, or habitation. Tranquility Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable. Chastity Rarely use veneer but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or anothers peace or reputation.Humility Imitate Jesus and Socrates. My intention being to acquire the habituated of all these virtues, I Judged it would be well not to distract my attention by attempting the whole at once, but to fix it on one of them at a time, and, when I should be master of that, then to proceed to another, and so on, till I should have gone thro the thirteen; and, as the previous acquisition of some might facilitate the acquisition of certain others, I arranged them with that view, as they stand above.Temperance first, as it tends to procure that coolness and learners of head which is so necessary where constant vigilance was to be kept up, and guard maintained against the unremitting attraction of ancient habits and the force of perpetual temptations.This being acquired and established, Silence would be more easy; and my desire being to gain knowledge at the same time that I improved in virtue, and considering that in conversation it was obtained rather by the use of the ears than of the tongue, and therefore wishing to break a habit I was getting into prattling, punning, and Joking, which only made me acceptable to trifling many, I gave Silence the second place. This and the next, Order, I expected would allow me more time for attending to my project and my studies.Resolution, once because habitual, would keep me firm in my endeavors to obtain all the subsequent virtues; Frugality and Industry, freeing me from my remaining debt, and producing Justice, etc. , Conceiving, then, that, agreeably to the advice of Pythagoras in his Garden Verses, daily examination would be necessary, I contrived the following method for conducting that examination. Taken off of website: http:// www. Casuistry. Rig/Franklin/autobiography/page. HTML Benjamin Use of Rhetoric to Express His Values Advice has to be given in certain ways to certain people and the methods of how some choose to give advice are often varying.Benjamin Franklin takes his chance to write a self help book with his advice in the form of his autobiography, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. In an excerpt from his book he effectively uses pithy statements, ethos, and pathos to reveal his values relating to life. The first advice he utilizes ethos. l wished to live without committing any fault at any time; I loud conquer all that either natural inclination, custom, or company might lead me into. He utilizes ethos in order to give himself not Just credibility but to give the reader an understanding of were he is coming from and a Judgment of his character.He uses words like natural and conquer which are strong and convincing to prove his worthiness of being a trusted writer. He takes the entire first two paragraphs to give himself credibility he uses reveals plenty to do with what he believes. He explains himself with lines like, l concluded, at length, that the mere evacuative conviction that it was our interest to be completely virtuous, this gives the reader a reason to trust what he has to say because he is self aware. Using ethos gives proofs to Benjamin Franklins values.The next 13 lines of the excerpt are wholly pithy statements one after the other. The revelation of his values are widely expressed through all of the statements such as Silence: Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation. and Resolution: Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve. Which is also juxtaposition in itself. The thirteen lines also utilize parallelism by listing one word along which each statement as a title, which makes the entire excerpt easier to follow.Also in the last paragraph he takes the order he has used in the list and orders his paragraph in the same way. The use of parallelism and pithy statements revealed Franklins values uniformly and easy to follow. His use of pathos and relating to the audience is vital to Franklins writing. He takes the things he says and melds them into passionate and understanding statements such as, My intention Ewing to acquire the habituated of all these virtues, I Judged it would be well not to distract my attention by attempting the whole at once, but to fix it on one of them at a time. He is honest with his audience telling them what he wants them to pay attention to. The use of also within his pathos an allusion to Pythagoras in his Garden Verses this shows were he derives his ideals and how he chooses to outline with allusions gives Benjamin a strong sense of his own values. Benjamin Franklin has a solid sense of values throughout this excerpt. He uses rhetoric to his advantage and reveals his values perceptively.

Bicycle Business Trends, threats and opportunities

Bicycle Business Trends, threats and opportunities Trends Fashion, health consciousness and active lifestyle trends Statistics have indicated that bicycling is a healthy lifestyle with regard to not only cardiovascular exercise, but also a great mode of stress and tension relief. Many Americans have realized the benefits associated with bicycle industry (National Bicycle Dealers Association 2009 Para.4). It is also a fashion trend that fit and slim people are regarded to as fashion conscious.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Bicycle Business: Trends, threats and opportunities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many people regardless of age or gender therefore see bicycling as a convenient way of achieving fashion statements with regard to their perceived fitness and body size. Subsequently, the bicycle industry has grown as more and more people take this option either as a means of transportation or, for recreation. The retail shop is evidently going to have high sal es due to these social trends which do not show signs of diminishing in the next three to five years. Student market The fact that this retail shop is located near a university is very convenient, as many students prefer to use bicycles for their transport given that most of them cannot afford cars. Additionally, it is regarded as fashionable to own certain makes of bikes, which is a very effective factor that might see this retail shop make large profits in the course of the next five years. Opportunities High fuel prices Political instability in the Middle East is a vital factor that highly affects the cost of fuel world wide. With the high cost being felt by the consumer in the recent times, consumers have found cycling not only a faster means, but also a cost saving mode of transport (Williamson Zeng 69). The bicycle industry therefore must see the opportunity in the high fuel costs which has turned about 5.2 % of the total population to cyclists. It is therefore important that the market finds convenient strategies to win more consumers as they also work effortlessly to satisfy consumer needs. Bicycle variety Additionally, the business must endeavor to stock a wide variety of bikes to cater for varied consumer needs. These include comfort, mountain, hybrid, beach cruiser, downhill, commuter and also children bicycles in order to capture the whole market. If every customer’s needs are met, then the profits will inevitably be enormous. The business can engage in offering free repair services for a specified period of time after purchase. This shall keep customers as they build business trust. The retail shop must therefore have unlimited selection of bicycles as they offer after service to customers. It is also important to note that the retail shop must stock varied brands to suit customer needs.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Clothing Among its competitors, there is no single one that offers riding clothing. Mostly, customers are referred to other shops. The retail shop therefore can take up the task of in additional to retail sale and service as their ways of generating revenue, selling gloves, shoes and riding wear to enhance service delivery. Events organizers The fact that this retail shop is the only shop that organizers riding events gives it an upper hand over other competitors. However, there is great opportunity in organizing events that cater not only for students, but those that are gender and age conscious. This will give consumers an opportunity to view the stock in the retail shop. It is also at such events that raffles can be organizers where winner are awarded with prizes such as new bicycles, free service to their current bicycles for a specified period of time or free riding gear. The organization of riding events is an opportunity that is bound to raise the profit margins. Thr eats Economy fluctuations – discretionary spending Being a small retail shop, the business will inevitably be affected by fluctuations of the economy as times become harder and harder for the consumer. Today, the unemployment rate stands at 9.1% which translates to fewer and fewer customers as a result of discretionary spending. Lowering costs of bicycles on the other hand is not a valid business decision considering the fact that this is a retail shop which makes only significant profit margins. Seasonality The market is sometimes unpredictable and has seasons. If a new make of car is produced in the market, then there are chances of shift of interest. This is bound to after the bicycle retail shop as sales will definitely go down (Bicycle Retailer Para.1). Challenges associated with seasonality go beyond profits as the retailer has to cater for other business expenditures from other sources. Competition The retail shop is at a threat facing competition pressure with r egard to price sets as other wholesale merchants are in a position to cut profits and offer large discount considerably. At this point, the retail shop is not in a position to face such competition as it deals in limited stock and very minimal capital is there for expansion. Even though other competitors are retailers, the retail shop is bound to suffer together with them, when the large merchants offer appealing discounts. Bicycle Retailer. Bicycle Retailer and Industry News. 2011. 14 September 2011. www.bicycleretailer.comAdvertising We will write a custom report sample on Bicycle Business: Trends, threats and opportunities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More National Bicycle Dealers Association. Industry Overview. 2011. 14 September 2011. www.nbda.com Williamson, Peter Zeng, Ming. Value-for-money Strategies for Recessionary Times, 2009 Harvard Business Review, 69

How to Organize Your Financial Paperwork in 10 Minutes

How to Organize Your Financial Paperwork in 10 Minutes It’s almost tax time, but your desk is a nightmare zone and your financial papers are scattered everywhere. You have no idea how to pull together all your necessary documents, so you put it off- and delay your tax return!- for weeks, if not months. Here’s a 5-point plan for you to change all that. And it should only take you 10 minutes a week.1. Knowledge is powerKnowing what you need is the most important step to having an organized financial filing system. You want to keep everything just in case of an audit, but you can’t keep everything- or you’ll be buried in paper and end up a hoarder. Here’s a better system:Keep for 1 year: pay stubs, paid bills, bank records, investment statements. Once you get your W2, you can ditch the pay stubs (after you cross-check them to make sure everything is accurate). And unless you need your bills or bank statements for business purposes, you can shred those once a year.Keep for 3 years: tax returns, charitable g ift receipts, mutual fund reports, and other supporting documentation. The only exceptions are initial purchase documents of stocks or mutual funds and house records for as long as you live there or own the property.Keep for 7 years: any documents related to a loss claim for worthless securities or a bad debt deduction. And if you rely on cash tips or don’t report up to 25% of your gross income, hang on to your records for at least 6 years.  2. Make 3 foldersYou’ve thrown out what you don’t need, now it’s time to organize what you have to keep. Take three empty folders and label them: â€Å"NOW,† â€Å"10 MIN A WEEK,† and â€Å"FILE.† Leave these prominently on your desk and sort things the minute they arrive in the mail.NOW folder: bills to pay, insurance stuff, license renewals, registrations, etc. Once a week, you’ll go through it (hopefully in about 10 minutes or less) and move things into the other folders, or to the shr edder.10 MIN A WEEK folder: subscription renewals, paperwork you can’t complete on your own, etc. These are actionable (but not quite as time sensitive) items. You’ll sort this stuff once a week. Just don’t let things pile up too much from week to week!FILE folder: Everything you need for the future. This one can get pretty big, especially as the other two shrink. But you can easily move things from this folder into other financial folders in your once-a-week organizing burst.3. Sort tax documents into three sub-foldersOrganize these by year and then divide everything between Income (paystubs, records of honoraria, bonuses, and payments for freelance work), Expenses/Deductions (receipts, statements, paid bills, etc. with sections for business, charitable giving, medical expenses, childcare, etc.- sorting your receipts now will make things much easier to parse come tax time), and Investments (records of contributions to retirement accounts, dividend income, capit al gains, losses, etc., distribution records, and annual statements- even if you don’t need this stuff for this year’s return, you might need it in the future).4. Go alphabeticalRather than sift through multiple bills under â€Å"Utilities,† try sorting by company name. It will make finding those documents much easier when you need them fast.5. Keep it realWe all have dreams of keeping all of our paperwork out of sight and out of mind, but if you have a place where you naturally dump your mail and where papers tend to pile up, put your organization system there.Most of all, make a schedule and stick to it. If you follow all of the above, you can make a serious organizational difference in just 10 minutes a week.How to Organize Your Paperwork in Just 10 Minutes a Week

Current Events and U.S. Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Current Events and U.S. Diplomacy - Essay Example ion, in deed brought about transformation of the whole world’s politics resulting into a reformulation of economic, political, and military alliances in the entire world. This is evident from the current events and diplomatic relation that has improved between US and Russia since the end of the cold war. The objective of this paper is to explore the current relationship between US and Russia since the end of the cold war. The paper will also discuss the current US diplomatic approach to Lithuania, a former Soviet nation and provide a comparison of the relationships. Finally, the paper will summarize how the US has changed it relates to other countries over the past 20 years. The climax of Cold War gave Russia and United States a new chance to corporate. In fact, Russia took over the permanent seat which previously had been held by Soviet Union at the United Nations Security Council. It was also invited to join G-7, the world’s largest economic powers making it G-8. This has given Russia, and US and opportunity to cooperate in securing loose ties in the former Soviet Union. Trade has also improved between US and Russia. For instance, it is noted that Russia is the biggest producer of hydrocarbons, which US is the biggest consumer. The two nations have also developed a common bilateral corporation in missile defense as a way of ensuring security in the world (American Association for Advancement of Slavic Studies, American Council of Learned Societies and Ohio State University, 2009). However, U.S and Russia still lock horns in certain diplomatic matters. For instance, the United States has tried to push hard for further economic and political reforms in Russia, something that Russia sees as meddling in its internal affairs. The other area that has raised eye brows is the fact that US has invited other former Soviet Union countries to join NATO, an issue that Russia is opposed to. The two nations have also differed on the approach that should be used to

SLP 5 HRM 403 THE GRASS IS NOT ALWAYS GREENER CAUTIONS ABOUT Essay

SLP 5 HRM 403 THE GRASS IS NOT ALWAYS GREENER CAUTIONS ABOUT INTERNATIONAL GROWTH - Essay Example Fred should also employ collaborative means of dealing with the employees; in essence, he should develop interpersonal relationships and bring together the cultural groups and teach them to collaborate for the benefit of the company (Cuevas et al., 2011). That way it is cheap to create proper business interactions and attain a collaborative workforce. Another important step is to establish warm relationships with his co-workers within and outside the office as it is done in the Japanese culture. With regards to his family, he should take time to deal with issues facing the family and engage them in dealing with the cultural challenges they are facing as well as encourage his wife to exercise patience. Fred should also find a job for his wife in Tokyo so that she feels productive. Apart from the above steps, Fred should conduct the following; He should develop avenues of communication, release control and ask for the response from workers. Also, he may share corporate principles with Japanese clients and preserve harmony instead of conflict. It is clear that the pre-departure training across the cultures is pertinent and could be a significant step towards solving the problems facing Fred. Both Fred and his Wife should have had the pre-departure training as it would first inform them of the challenges awaiting them in Japan. The training would also provide Fred and His family with the proper ways of handling the challenges they would encounter. In this regard, Fred would be aware of his difficulties and on the other hand Jenny would also be aware of family challenges; therefore, each one of them would easily tackle the issues without involving the other party. Family problems would not concern Fred because Jenny would be able to deal with the occasions as they come single-handedly (Cuevas et al., 2011). 3. If a firm does not want to invest the capital and resources required to train an employee about other cultures

Global Warming Essay Example for Free

Global Warming Essay Global warming causes changes in the earth’s weather patterns that have disastrous effects. Global warming or anthropogenic global warming is defined as the gradual increase in the earth’s surface temperature. One of the major causes for this phenomenon has been attributed to the increase in the quantity of certain gases in the atmosphere that cause the greenhouse effect. The radiation received from the sun by the earth is retransmitted by the earth into space, but the wavelength of the retransmitted radiation is greater than that of the incident radiation. The gases present in the atmosphere absorb this radiation and this action results in increasing the earth’s temperature. Carbon dioxide is the predominant greenhouse gas. Some of the other greenhouse gases are water vapor, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, hydroflourocarbons, perfluorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons. Industrialization and deforestation are the chief factors that have caused this increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Further, the ever increasing emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are modifying the composition of the atmosphere, thereby leading to global climatic changes. For instance, the period 1995 to 2006, was witness to the warmest atmospheric temperatures. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change or the IPCC had estimated in the year 2001 that the linear warming trend from 1906 to 2005 of 0. 74? C was higher than the corresponding trend for the period from 1901 to 2000 when it was only 0. 6? C (Webb, Barlow, Whetton, May 2007). Moreover, the increase in global temperatures has wrought widespread climatic changes. The melting of glaciers and ice deposits near the poles and the thermal expansion of the oceans has brought about an increase in the sea level. Heavy rains are being caused due to the changes in the patterns of precipitation and an increase in the number of hurricanes was observed. In addition, an increase occurred in the average intensity and duration of these hurricanes, due to the correlation of hurricanes with the surface temperatures of the tropical seas. Furthermore, other natural catastrophes like floods, droughts, heat waves and tornadoes exhibited intensification in their duration and cycles. In addition, global warming causes changes in agricultural output, glacier movements and summer stream flows; and the extinction of certain species. Other concomitant causes are the spreading of infectious diseases like malaria. Scientists predict that the effects of global warming would last up to the year 2100 because carbon dioxide would persist from fifty to two hundred years (Cause and effect for global warming). Deforestation is one of the main reasons for the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, because trees convert most of the carbon dioxide to oxygen. In addition, burning of fossil fuels increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. For instance, in the year 1987 a large area of the Amazon rain forest was burned down and this burning released nearly five hundred tons of carbon dioxide into the earth’s atmosphere. Further the conflagrant of forests would result in a reduction of the number trees, which would increase the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere and thereby enhance the greenhouse effect. Modern civilization entails the use of cars, power stations and industrialization, which are factors that contribute to global warming. The main contributors to this process of global warming are the United States, the European counties and China (Global Warming). In addition to carbon dioxide, which comprises more than half of the greenhouse gases, there are other gases that also contribute to the greenhouse effect. Methane is released due to activities like coal mining, oil excavations and the burning of fossil fuels. Agriculture is the chief contributor of methane and cattle emit methane into the atmosphere when they chew their food. As the world population increases, the activities of agriculture are also increased thereby the emissions of methane also increases. Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas that is emitted during the burning of fossil fuels. Chlorofluorocarbons are emitted by air conditioners, refrigerators and aerosols and their molecules are ten thousand times more effective in absorbing heat than carbon dioxide molecules. Moreover, they survive for a hundred and ten years in the atmosphere (Global Warming). Oceans absorb carbon dioxide, but when the oceans heat up their ability to absorb carbon dioxide diminishes. Moreover, methane, which is located in the ocean bed, is released due to the warming of the oceans. Global warming raises temperature levels and it has been observed that the temperature at poles rises more than that of other regions on the earth. This causes the melting of glaciers and ice at the poles, which would further raise the sea level. Occurrences of storms and hurricanes become more frequent due to global warming, because the heated oceans produce more water vapor. Continental farmlands suffer a greater depletion of water due to the heavy evaporation and there is decrease in the groundwater levels. These factors serve to increase the possibility of droughts. Due to the melting of the polar ice caps the sea level may rise by twenty to fifty centimeters by the year 2050, which would result in the inundation of the coastal areas (Global Warming). In order to overcome the problem of global warming it is essential to contain fossil fuel combustions, ban the use of CFCs completely and plant more trees. Energy conservation will help to diminish fossil fuel burning and efforts have to be made to find alternate transportation modes that will replace petrol and diesel fuelled cars. Moreover, cars that meet the eco friendly standards only should be manufactured. Deforestation should be completely stopped and afforestation should be initiated on a war footing. In the absence of such measures, the future of this planet is grim and life would be seriously endangered. References Cause and effect for global warming. (n. d. ). Retrieved September 9, 2007, from http://timeforchange. org/cause-and-effect-for-global-warming Global Warming. (n. d. ). Retrieved Septeber 9, 2007, from http://www. ypte. org. uk/docs/factsheets/env_facts/glob_warm. html Webb, L. , Barlow, S. , Whetton, P. (May 2007). Climate Change Raises the Heat on Wineries. Australasian Science , Vol. 28, Issue 4; Pg 20.

Future of the U.S. Essay example -- Essays Papers

Future of the U.S. America has always been viewed as the richest and freest nation in the world. America has grown from thirteen self-governed states, to a nation with a strong central government of power and wealth. The change in society has allowed the U.S. to grow into what it is today. Without the change in views and the responsibility of the citizens the economy would have never grown to be strong and wealth. The nation is effected by many different variables. One variable effects the other. The nation was started and has progressed to where it is today, but with rises and downfalls in all areas of life from education and small families to economics and large businesses. America’s economy is the most successful economy the world has ever known. "So strong was the U.S. economy in the post-war period that we were able to muster our resources to embark upon the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe and also to design a peacetime economy in Japan"(1). By the end of the nineteenth century the US had passed all other countries in both agriculture and industrial output (history channel). America today is one of the leading markets for the entire world in agriculture and industry. America is mainly a free enterprise, therefore citizens are able to start their own businesses and have more job freedom than anywhere else in the world. It is for this one main reason that the economy has done so well in the US. For the Nation, employment in all industries is projected to increase by 27.2 million jobs, or 1.5 percent at an annual rate, in 1993-2005; it had increased at an annual rate of 2.0 percent in 1983-93(2). With a free enterprise private owners establish mo re wealth, sending the money back into the economy by spending money. Every c... ...ruary 1999, 3. Works Cited - Brown, Sherrrod. "America and the global economy: International trade and investment." Vital Speeches of the Day, 1 March 1998, 293-96. - Hill, Patrice. "Good times could roll to a halt in ’99." Insight on the News, 1 February 1999, 39. - "More homeless, more hungry," America, 30 January-6 February 1999, 3. - NCES, "NCES Fast Facts," National Center for Education Statistics NCES Fast Fact, 25 February 1999, http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/478.asp?type=4 (10 March 1999). - REIS, "Regional and State Projection of Economic Activity and Population to the year 2005," REIS Regional and State Projections of Economic Activity and Population to the year 2005, Originally published in the July, 1995 Survey of Current Business, http://govinfo.kerr.orst.edu/document/reis/stssurvy.html (10 March 1999).

How Far Do You Agree That “the Play of King Lear Presents Us

How far do you agree that â€Å"The play of King Lear presents us with a bleak and cruel world and offers us no comfort at the end Much of Shakespeare’s King Lear follows themes such as betrayal on the part of the antagonists and the protagonist’s blindness of the events which have befallen them. For example in a rage with Kent Lear exclaims ‘Out of my sight! ’ with Kent’s retort simply being ‘See better Lear’ this motif of a characters blindness continues throughout the play.Some of the characters can be seen to be prolifically cruel throughout the play and while many of the these characters die by the end of the play their actions still have ramifications. Gonerill and Regan for example strip their father of his self awareness and leave him to scrabble for his sanity on an unwelcoming and bleak heath. Lear is not exempt from blame for his circumstances but the disastrous and tragic consequences seem to out balance the flaws in his fra gile mind.This is a tragedy however so Lear’s downfall as the result his hamartia was expected for the katharsis of the Jacobean audiences to be achieved. The play has a sinister atmosphere but Shakespeare may have tried to include moments of comfort either for the tension of the drama or to give the audience a sense of hope. In Act 1 of King Lear Shakespeare seems to foreshadow the key themes of the play which often have sorrowful consequences for many of the characters.For example when Lear decides that he will test his daughter’s flattery in exchange for their share of the kingdom, ‘Which of you shall we say doth love us most, that we our largest bounty may extend’ the contest seems to be an empty gesture as Gloucester and Kent had already discussed that both dukes could already expect an equal share of England ‘for qualities are so weighed that curiosity in neither can make choice of either’s moiety’.The kings’ empty words ar e soon mirrored by his children’s as Gonerill remarks that ‘Sir, i love you more that word can wield the matter’ and ‘A love that makes breath poor, and speech unable’ her hyperbole contradicts her when she goes on to explain further. Regan too expresses her true feelings poorly by simply agreeing with her sister ‘I am made of that self-mettle as my sister’ this sounds as if it were just a shallow echo of Gonerill without out conviction of love Lear expected.However Lear does not recognise this as the audience might and so when Cordelia decides that she must ‘Love, and be silent’ and says ‘nothing my lord’ Lear indicates his own future ‘Nothing will come of nothing’ Because of Gonerill’s lack of seniority her expressions of love are devalued and mean nothing so that when Cordelia characterises her feelings towards Lear as loving him ‘According to my bond, no more nor less’ she re establishes the verbal integrity. To a Jacobean audience the theme of nothing may be more prevalent just from Lear’s initial speech ‘Know, that we have divided in three our kingdom†¦ To a christian audience this may have emulated Matthew 12. 25 ‘Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation’. Yet even when in the most dire circumstances compassion is shown by various characters. After he is thrown into a storm and in his words Lear’s ‘†¦ wits begin to turn’ he still shows pity for the fool when he asks ‘Come on, my boy: how dost, my boy? art cold? ’ This is either one of few examples of Lear’s selflessness or his attempt to cling to his only symbol of reality. The injustice of many of the characters are obvious throughout the play.But there are some signs of pity and compassion and of loyalty too. This is usually due to a possible feelings of obligation to family or superiority which contrast ingly in other examples become treachery. For example Gloucester’s ultimate punishment for his trust in Edmond is that Cornwall puts out the Earl’s eyes. A servant protests at the brutality of Gloucester’s treatment ‘†¦ But better service have I never done you’ Along with Cordelia and Kent the servant pays the ultimate price for this and is killed.The King’s fool is mourned at the end of the play by Lear because of his selfless attitude towards helping Lear’s understanding ‘So out went the candle, and we were left darkling’. When Gonerill begins to undermine Lear’s sanity the fools says this to relay it to Lear. The loyalty of both the Fool and Kent to Lear can be seen as a comforting thought, suggesting that the king who had lost everything still maintained allies. The Fool used seemingly frivolous songs to try and guide Lear however unsuccessfully into a better situation.Kent too remained loyal, even after Le ar had banished Kent he felt a need to serve his master faithfully. Unfortunately in the final act Lear states that ‘my poor fool is hanged’ and after Lear’s death Kent says ‘My master calls me i must not say no’ suggesting he must follow Lear into death. In this instance the folly of humans are overrun by the divine goodness of nature. However the play may also send another spiritual point, a more nihilistic one; if in fact there is such a thing of gods then they are not sympathetic to the tribulations of human society and are as cruel to them as any animal.This is perhaps inconceivable to Lear as he scorns Gonerill and Regan’s behavior as ‘unnatural’ and uses animal image and similes to describe them, her tongue is said to be ‘serpent like’ and whose gratitude is ‘sharper than a serpent’s tooth’. Both may be biblical references to the greed and wickedness of mankind. Edgar too describes himself a s a ‘dog in madness’ and ‘wolf in greedines’ here we know that unlike Lear Edgar is not mad and so his word may be taken as a small parable of mankind’s fragility.At realising his two eldest daughters are betraying him Lear calls to the heavens to take his side and strike them with a storm ‘ ‘O heavens ! If you do love old men, if your sweet sway, show obedience, if you yourselves are old, make it you cause. Send down, and take my part! ’ The cruel dramatic irony being that it will be Lear who suffers a terrible storm on the heath and in his mind. As well as this the audience may see that Lear’s language hasn’t changed from the beginning of the play when he still held a position of power.Lears first words of the play is a command ‘ Attend the lords of France and Burgundy Gloucester’ This imperative sentence shows his authority which even when Gonerill and Regan reduce his only semblance of his kingship, h is army to nothing he still clings to like a child, ‘Send down and take my part! ’. This may be the root of Lear’s downfall. At the time of King Lear’s first performance, England was in political and economic turmoil Elizabeth I’s still recent death and the Gunpowder plot scared Shakespeare’s time in history. King Lear then may be a partly a criticism of an inherently unfair society.To an Elizabethan audience Edmond’s self interest to not ‘stand in the plague of custom’ and not uphold his loyalty to the king and his father was of a growing trend. At the time then Edmond may not have been seen as a villain but perhaps a free thinking individual who was prepared to do whatever it took to be successful. The apparent lack of justice in King Lear is shown by King Lear himself ‘ I am a man, more sinned against than sinning’ Lear often reaches for some wider reason for his misfortunes but perhaps finds little comfort in the end when he realises his mistakes too late to change the play’s resolution.This aspect of the story follows the theories of tragedy from Aristotle and so Lear can be said to be a ‘tragic hero’. However if King Lear can be seen as a spiritual play then Lear’s ending is one of redemption and since both Gonerill and Regan die the kingdom can once again rise from the ashes. Cordelia too serves this metaphor embodying Christ’s noble crusade against evil with a french army and dying a martyr for her father but not without speaking with him and so restoring Lear’s jagged mind even if only partially.King Lear depicts the cruelty of humankind and the breakdown of a man’s mind, the social and family ties around him and his kingdom. The token examples of compassion, shown to the audience to some extent only amplify the Shakespeare’s ‘darker purpose’ of a savage loss of morals. What little justice thats offered at the e nd, Edgar prevailing over his brother for example can not compensate for the punishment that Lear and the other characters endure. The very notion of ‘nothing’ is so significant by the end of the play the most of the characters are literally reduced to nothing.

The Haunted House

MiKayla Jones Mrs. Ceballos PAP English 1 – 8 October 30, 2012 The Haunted House This was going to be my best Halloween ever. As I sat in class waiting anxiously for the bell to ring, I began wondering how much fun this is going to be. When Kaitlyn and I arrived at my house we sat around chatting waiting for it to get dark, before we started to trick or treat. As we were putting on our costumes, Kaitlyn had a difficult time putting her alien costume from outer space on because the directions were illegible.After I was put on my zombie cheerleader costume I noticed it looked a little sully. I didn’t mine because it was Halloween and things are sometimes not very comely. As we heard out the front door my mom jeered loudly and said, â€Å"be careful and stay in the neighborhood and don’t make any erratic turns†. I knew we had made a wrong turn when we went trick or treating at this old, run down dissolute house. When we knocked on the door it automatically op ened, a heavy wind came out and caused the pumpkins to sing and locked us in.All of a sudden I slipped on some fudder and something being to tantalizing me, I screamed and held on to Kaitlyn’s hand unflinching, I tried with all my might to fortify myself against the two headed monster, I screeched as loud as a mongoose. The more we fought the more the monsters proliferated. Some were mediocre, the monsters tried to tell us to subjugate but we kept on screaming and fighting until we freed ourselves for a moment.As we tried to expulsion from the back door a three legged lucretia ghost told us how to get out safely, we thanked the three legged ghost by giving him all of our trick or treat candy to compensate him for being so nice and helping us to escape. I feint that he was as friendly as Casper. Finally, we made it back to my house, I gave a short terse wave to Kailtlyn and she adjourns to her house. This would be one Halloween that I will never forget.

Aboriginal Resistance Essay Example

Aboriginal Resistance Essay Example Aboriginal Resistance Essay Aboriginal Resistance Essay Aboriginal Resistance BY soulktngl 23 Puthiyaveetil, Sreerag Maximum hatred can be caused from an insignificant reason, and racism is one of the main reasons that plays a role in the distrust between people. The Aboriginals and the governments around the world have been constantly fighting for many centuries and they are still fighting today. Moreover, the Aboriginals created resistances which consist of Aboriginal tribes protesting to get their freedom in their respective countries. Unfortunately, the governments would not give them their freedom, which caused a lot of riots, deaths, and caused the governments to lose a ot of money. In Canada, there were many Aboriginal tribes such as the Metis, the Mohawks, and many others that were reduced in numbers because of the government. Before, if one were to walk outside, they would see many Aboriginals, but now Aboriginals are barely seen. This proves how cruelly the governments have been acting towards these people. The dishonesty of the Government of Canada in dealing with Native land claims, and the racism inflicted upon the Native people, can be recognised in the Oka Crisis, the Ipperwash Crisis, and the North-West Rebellion. Equality is the state of being equal especially in status, rights, and opportunities, which is one of the most important rules in running a country, but in Canada, the Oka Crisis portrays the Government of Canadas racist and dishonest behavior towards the Aboriginals. On Julyl 1, 1990, the town of Oka, Quebec, wanted to expand their golf course by taking down a cemetery owned by an Aboriginal tribe called the Mohawks. The Mohawks protested peacefully by barricading themselves in the golf course. However, it turned into a riot with the Quebecs Police Force (SQ), and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (R. C. M. P) charging in. There were a lot of casualties, including the death ofa police officer named Marcel Lernay. This riot ended in September 26, 1990, with a victory for the Mohawks. In 1986, part of the Mohawks land was taken away by the people of Oka by a private bill and turned it into a golf course. (Oka Crisis, 1989) This proof suggests that even before the Oka Crisis, the government took more from the Aboriginals land. This shows the distrust between the Mohawks and the government, and it also shows how the government takes uthority of someones land and never intended to give it back. In addition, Massari (1990) states that there were racial conflicts between the R. C. M. P and the Mohawk warriors. Massari is asserting that even during the chaos, the government is racist and created more conflicts. The government should not be fighting against the Mohawks because it cost the government $180 million for reparations, as well as the death of a police officer. This could have been prevented if the government agreed not to expand the golf course right at the beginning. The dishonesty and racist character of the Government of Canada, caused an unnecessary riot at Oka and for the same reasons, the Government of Canada also caused conflicts between the Stoney Point Natives tthroughout the Ipperwash Crisis. During the Ipperwash Crisis, the Government of Canada were racist and dishonest to the Native people. In September 1995, a group of Aboriginals called the Stoney Point Natives were protestlng to protect tnelr lana wnlcn was a Durlal ground, D Government 0T Canada wanted to use it for a military camp, so they forcefully took their land. Later on, the Stoney Point Natives protested for their land claim, but the government rejected it which caused a riot and resulted with the death of Dudley George, leader of Stoney Point Natives, and an inquiry to be summoned. According to Mike Harris, the premier of Ontario, he said l want the fucking Indians out of the park. (Ipperwash Inquiry, 2007) This quote refers to when the inquiry was summoned for the government to pay for Dudleys death, and from his quote, the word Indians is racist to the Stoney Point Natives. Mike Harris swore in front of any citizens at Ipperwash and to the Stoney Point Natives. This is not how a premier is supposed to act towards his citizen. In addition, the Government of Canada said that they were going to give back the land after the war ended, but it was withdrawn. (Ipperwash Inquiry, 2007) This evidence suggests that under the War Measures Act 1912, they could take land and use it for war, and it is to be returned after a war, but in this case it was not. To promise to return a land, but then later decide not to give it back is unfair, which created a huge riot and cost the overnment between $150 OOO- $400 000. This could have been averted if the government returned the land to the Stoney Point Natives. Therefore, when dealing with Native land claims and treating the Stoney Point Natives, the Government of Canada is Just dishonest and racist, which is ssimilar to how they treated the Metis of the Red River Settlement. Although Canada is supposed to be a multicultural country, the North-West Rebellion depicts the Canadian Government to be dishonest and racist in the early formation of the century. The Canadian Government have een taking land illegally from Ruperts land which was owned under an Aboriginal tribe called the Metis. Due to the fact that the Metis had no power over the government, a man named Louis Riel, who is also a Metis, came to charge and went against the government. He created his own government, a Red River Resistance which consists of Metis and other tribe members such as Big Bear, and led them to a rebellion against the governments betrayal. According to Louis Riel, Scott wasnt the sort of man who cultured civil relationship, so he screams racial insults to the uards. (Asfar Chodan, 2011, pg. 57) This quote implies to when Louis Riel created his own Provisional government, there were people who opposed to it and one of them was Thomas Scott, so Louis Riel sent him to Jail. Unfortunately he was executed due to his racist behavior towards the guards. In addition, in 1980, Daves states that even though the Canadian Government passed the Manitoba Act, which was to keep their land and customs, the government lied and built a railway through their land. The evidence suggests that after Riel made his own government, and ade negotiations with the government to pass the Manitoba Act, but soon after Riel was exiled for executing Thomas Scott, the government betrayed their trust and built a railway. The way how Scott is racist to the Metis and the Canadian Government is dishonest to the Metis, proves how the government should not be involved or fighting since it caused a rebellion which endangered many lives all because the Metis Just wanted to protect their land and cultural beliefs. This could have been evaded if the government cooperated and negotiated properly to the Metis and came to a decision here everyone is treated equally. As a result, Louis Riel lost the rebellion, was nangea ana tne government Is s Ill t Olsnonest ana raclst to tne Metis. I ne Oka Crlsls, the Ipperwash Crisis, and the North-West Rebellion demonstrate the dishonesty and the racism of the Canadian Government in settling the land claims with the Natives. During those three major events, the Canadian Government took Native land without their permission and decided not to give it back. This caused tremendous problems such as creating barricades (making a battlefield), a rebellion, and a peaceful protest one amok, which caused the government to lose a lot of money for reparations. This could have all been avoided if only the Canadian Government would treat them with respect as they would for regular citizens and allow the Aboriginals to follow their customs including as to giving back their land. Unfortunately, to make it even worse, the government introduced the Indian Act, which the word Indian is already racist. Even though Canada might seem to be peaceful and multicultural on the outside, in the inside, Canada is racist and dishonest when dealing with the Native people.

How to Write a Series of Novels Your Readers Will Love

How to Write a Series of Novels Your Readers Will Love How to Write a Series of Novels Your Readers Will Love Each installment must both stand alone and work as part of the whole. You’re forced to keep up with all the elements you exploit in a single novel and make sure they serve the entire entity: characters, plot, settings, everything. Having written six adult series and ten children’s series, I can say I learned quickly that I had to re-read the previous title before starting the next, every time. Was that really necessary? The one time I tried to shortcut the process I found myself more than halfway through the writing of the next title in The Left Behind Seriesâ„ ¢ when I had a sinking feeling. One of the global curses I had included was a decrease in the power of the sun by one-third. So my characters in the desert suddenly had to wear long pants, sweaters, coats, hats. Made sense. But hadn’t that curse been lifted near the end of the previous title? A rather significant development, if I was right. And I was. A fast re-read of that previous title confirmed my suspicion. The desert was back to full aridity. I had to go back to the beginning of the current manuscript and re-dress my characters! Need help with time management?  Click here to download my free guide: How to Maximize Your Writing Time. A Crucial Checklist Navigating the delicate balance between satisfying your reader with each book and keeping them longing for the next, you must remain vigilant on many fronts. Ask yourself: Do I risk frustrating my reader by stretching the story to accommodate a series, rather than ensuring that each title works on its own? Am I able to keep each installment relatively similar in length and time span covered? Have I provided enough variety in voice, narrator, and perspective characters without jeopardizing the consistency of the message and tone?   3 Tips to Writing a Great Series 1. Remember that Publishers Love Series Left Behind began as a one-book deal. The idea was to tell the story of the Rapture, including the seven-year Tribulation (including 21 judgments from heaven). Halfway through the writing of that manuscript I realized I had covered only two weeks of the seven years. With great trepidation, I informed the publisher, Tyndale House, that I was afraid the story would require at least a trilogy. They immediately rewrote the contract and urged me to let the story dictate the length. My editor reminded me that publishers love series because they get more bang for the buck. If the overall plot can bear it, multiple titles allow advertising and promotion that much more impact for virtually the same price. The individual titles themselves promote the whole. Halfway through the writing of book two, I had covered two months of the seven years. Another phone call. Another rewritten contract to make the series seven titles. Eventually Left Behind became a series of 16 titles. 2. Keep Character Arc Paramount The main reason I couldn’t force 21 dramatic judgments from heaven into one big novel was that with such a huge, cosmic concept, my characters had to be realistic and believable. If the entire novel was filled with slam bang action, my characters would have become props, stick figures on which to hang a sort of comic book tale. My message in this story is that while it was cast as fiction- putting made-up characters in the way of these dire prophecies- I believe it’s true and will happen some day. So to lend credence to that theme, my characters had to be easily identified with. The reader had to be able to see himself in these situations and resonate- or not- with the decisions of very realistic people. Character arc takes time, and pages. It can’t flag and get boring, but neither can it be shortcut. In a series, readers expect characters to grow in each book and throughout the entire package. 3. Each Novel Must Satisfy On Its Own This is where too many novelists stumble. They succumb to the temptation to â€Å"save the good stuff† for the final book. Better to give your all to each title and, in essence, have to start from scratch with each new one. Naturally, the overall story itself needs to continue, but force yourself to write each novel as if it’s the last in terms of intrigue, suspense, conflict, dialogue, character arc, all of it. That will guarantee that the reader will get your best with every installment and one won’t dip in quality or serve only as a connector title to keep the series going. Need help with time management?  Click here to download my free guide: How to Maximize Your Writing Time. Do you have questions about how to write a series? Ask me in the comments.

Why Illegal Immigrants Must Follow the Law Essay

Why Illegal Immigrants Must Follow the Law - Essay Example These illegal immigrants have made America their home and many have raised families in this country. It is therefore necessary for them to be law abiding so that their stay in this country is not ended abruptly through deportation or if they are convicted of a crime, they do not end up serving time in jail. Whether their status in the United States is legal or illegal, it is their duty to abide by the law of the land because these laws have been passed to ensure that there is order in society. Illegal immigrants, no matter what their background is, should ensure that they abide by the law for the purpose of keeping order in society. Abiding by the law is very important because if the large number of illegal immigrants would were to get involved in illegal activities, then there would be a radical increase of the crime rates in the United States. This would make it very difficult for the law enforcement agencies at the federal, state and county level to contain crime and the order whi ch has been a part of the American society since this nation was created would be destroyed. Illegal immigrants should therefore follow the law to the latter as they found it and should avoid any activities which will put them on the wrong side of the law. This will not only ensure their own security but it will also ensure the security of all the people in the nation as a whole. Many immigrants in the United States are in the country illegally and because of this, they must be very careful not to break the law because this will bring the attention of the law enforcement agencies on them (Katel, 393 – 420). Breaking the law would be to their disadvantage because it would lead them to either serve time in a prison or get them deported back to their home countries, defeating their purpose of coming to the United States to improve their lives. I believe that the fear of deportation should be enough to make the illegal immigrants abide by the law so that they can keep their posit ions, although illegal, within the United States secure. However, the United States also has a duty to treat these illegal immigrants with the respect they deserve because whether we like it or not, the majority of Americans are not native to this land. America was founded as a refuge for those who were running away from persecution for their beliefs or for people who wanted to make better lives and have a new beginning, and that is the reason why America is said to be a nation of immigrants. Since most Americans hail from immigrant families, they should not look down upon or discriminate against the illegal immigrants because they also are looking for opportunities the same as their ancestors were. Furthermore, discriminating against illegal immigrants only drives them towards breaking the law through committing illegal activities in order to make a living. A major incentive for illegal immigrants to follow the law and not to commit any crime is for the purpose of preventing the ri se of a negative public opinion of them. This will enable them to rehabilitate the image of illegal immigrants being opportunistic people whose main purpose is to earn a living without any consideration for the welfare of the people of the country in which they have gone to work (Scarborough, M). Their following the law will enable a building of good will towards them from the American public and will deprive their critics of the argument that illegal immigrants in the United States are a security threat to the nation and that there is a need for them to be deported and stricter measures have to be put in place to ensure that there are no illegal immigrants in the country. The good public opinion will also ensure that there is social harmony in the country and not the aggressive debates

Medecine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Medecine - Essay Example Every disease has a cause, although the causes of some remain to be discovered. Every disease also displays a cycle of onset, or beginning, course, or time span of affliction, and end, when it disappears or it partially disables or kills its victim. An epidemic disease is one that strikes much person in a community. When it strikes the same region year after year it is an endemic disease. An acute disease has a quick onset and runs a short course, an acute heart attack, for example, often hits without warning and can be quickly fatal. A chronic disease has a slow onset and runs a sometimes years-long course. The gradual onset and long course of rheumatic fever makes it a chronic ailment. Moderate exercise is necessary to health, but athletes who do vigorous exercises have not been noted for longevity. Fresh air is stimulating, but, where actual breathing is concerned, it's no better than the air in most rooms. General quality of air affected by pollution is indeed a concern. A balanced diet containing correct amounts of the basic food substances is essential, but there is no evidence that when or at what intervals one eats makes the slightest differences -unless one is a sufferer of stomach ulcer, in which case the interval between meals should be narrowed down. The concept of having meals at fixed intervals is nothing but a social convention and in a modern life obviously a matter of convenience. Sleep, too, is a necessity. But different people require vastly different amounts of sleep. In a number of studies of men and women who lived to a ripe old age it was found that the commonality they had was balanced diet of healthy food, contented minds, their interest in something which gave them a focus in life and partly their heredity. Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well- being and not merely the absence of diseases or infirmity. The main rules of health are- (a) Do not abuse your body -i.e., exercise, it, feed it sensibly and in moderation and don't poison it with cigarette smoke (your's or anyone else's), with alcohol or with other drugs (b) Think positively about health-make it a purpose for living (c) Turn your thoughts away from those bodily functions (digestion, circulation, breathing and so on), which can look after themselves. Introspection leads to hypochondriasis, and Social Medicine Medicine has come a long way from the time when disease was considered as punishment from the gods to a time where the society is looked on as the patient (society being responsible for them). Its treatment requires lot of tenderness and care. The field of medicine became more and more truly scientific, and the 20th century saw the-most rapid advances ever known, marked by the discovery of germs by Pasteur, of antiseptics by Lister, of vaccination by Jenner and anaesthetics by well sand Scot Simpson, the use of the microscope by Vuirchoe (German) brought great advance in the understanding of diseases and Ehrlich (German) conceived the brilliant idea of 'magic bullet' -drugs aimed at the real cause of the disease which would attack the germs at the root of the disease without hurting the patient. Edwin Chadwick, one of the greatest names, revolutionised the social control concept by so dealing with the causes of disease (like proving safe drinking water, controlling pests, lice, files , mosquito, etc.) that they were prevented form arising at all. A population riddled with

Understanding Human Behavior & Prejudice can be hurtful and Essay

Understanding Human Behavior & Prejudice can be hurtful and destructive - Essay Example Understanding Human Behavior & Prejudice can be hurtful and destructive The key reason behind the understanding of human behaviour is that all the individuals in an organization cannot be the same in terms of nature, behaviour, personality and attitude (Freeman, 1999, p.229). The modern theories of human behaviour are based upon the differences in each and every individual within an organization. Before the study proceeds to realize and understand the human behaviour, it is important to determine what the human behaviour actually means. Behaviour is specific responses that can be observed directly or indirectly (Griffin and Moorehead, 2011, p.19). Indirect observations can be executed through the attitudes and decision making process of the leaders. On the other hand, direct observation process can be executed through understanding the responses of the individuals in a particular work or organizational environment (Martin, 2005, p.104). This organizational human behaviour process is quite unpredictable and critical to understand. The human behaviour can be classified into three components: motivated behaviour, goal oriented behaviour and caused behaviour. Human behaviour is the factor that depends upon the inner emotion of the individuals, such as anger, motivation, joy and sorrow (Henderson, 1996, p.195). It is important for the leaders to understand the past organizational behaviour in order to make any kind of decision or implement a strategy in the organizational human resource management process (Hernandez and O’Connor, 2009, p.12). ... Each and every individual has a distinctive combination of several characteristics, as behaviour is the outcome of interaction between the environmental and individual characteristics (Dutt, 2008, p.5). Some of these characteristics develop over time or present from the time of birth. These characteristics are known as learned and inherited. Some characteristics (Clawson and Bevan, 2008, p.9) and behaviour types have been provided in the following table: Characteristics Behaviour Relationship Conflict Tolerance Perception about role conflict Huge tolerance for limited role conflict. Significance of Job satisfaction Leaders express intrinsic rewards versus extrinsic less job satisfaction. Work Ethic Attendance Strong value and work ethic related with high work attendance. Interest Diversification Compensation and Salary Measurement Higher interest of performance diversity. Locus of Control Job stress experience Huge stress with external and emphasized locus of control. In order to und erstand the human behaviour, the leaders or managers should understand the Psychoanalytical model. Psychoanalytical model is based upon the ego, id and super ego. Ego generally represents the conscious stage of an individual. On the other hand, id represents the inner pleasure of an individual (Denisi and Griffin, 2005, p.21). Id in an individual can be both constructive and destructive. Destructive tendency of individuals can be dominating, aggressive and fighting (Cardwell and Flanagan, 2003, p.144). Throughout the life of an individual, id generally comes in a conflict with ego. On the other hand, ego depends upon the super ego. In terms of super ego, an individual cannot be aware about the functions of super ego (Guindon, 2010, p.71). Super ego generally represents

Development Of Milk And Dairy Sector In Georgia Marketing Essay

Development Of Milk And Dairy Sector In Georgia Marketing Essay The purpose of the research was to identify the obstacle and barriers which discourage milk and dairy sector in Georgia. Through interviews with experienced people in this field and deep research, the main problems will be ascertained. First I define the current situation in Georgia including Georgian breeds of cows, organizations and projects involved in this sector and the opinion of experienced people about current situation. I gathered information from Danish, Swiss, Indian and American dairy sector reports, which gave the helped me to identify what necessary factors of successful milk sector lacks Georgia. At the end of the research implementation and best possible recommendations and will be offered. INTRODUCTION It has been a long time since milk became an everyday product for humans. Today milk is consumed by many people in their everyday lives and milk production is high in order to satisfy demand. Milk is high in nutritional value; it is a great source of essential Vitamins that are vital to the human organism. Many dairy products are made from milk such as butter, ice-cream, cheese, cottage cheese, flavored milk drinks, yogurt, and cream and so on. Georgia faces some problems with milk production. The local fresh milk is available only seasonally (from April till October), in Winter only imported powdered milk from Ukraine or Belarus is accessible. Another problem is degeneration of thoroughbred cows; they are mixed with local mongrel cows, which results in fewer productivity. Cows in Georgia usually produce two to three tones of milk in a year, comparison to European cows it is twice smaller number. Georgia has a great potential to flourish this sector, but it is not used properly. Some investment, regulatory rules and support from foreign organizations and Ministry of Agriculture is necessary to solve the obstacles and develop milk production sector in Georgia. Many organization are involved in expand the dairy sector and also couple of projects take place, in order give support to local milk producers. FROM FARM TO TABLE 1.1 Cows and lactation process Cows, our main source of milk, produce about four to seven tons of milk each year. The quantity of milk produced by a cow depends on its weight and its diet. Usually a cow weights from 380 to 720 kilograms and produces 12 times its weight of milk each year. A standard cow eats about 770 kilograms of grain, 1 200 kilograms of grass and hay, 2 800 kilograms of silage and drinks about eight gallons of water every day. Everyday a cow needs to eat more than 2 kilograms of hay and grain which contain essential minerals, vitamins and corn. In order to produce a high quantity of milk, a cow must drink water. Farmers use special milking machines twice in a day. It is necessary for every cow to get milked because once their udders are full they start to feel uncomfortable. Milk must be refrigerated after in order to keep it fresh. Milk producers keep milk refrigerated approximately one to two days after which it is loaded on trucks. Special trucks take it to the factory where it is processed. This is where milk is divided into cream and skim milk and is standardized by the fat content. Milk is delivered to the factory from different farms and thus levels of fat vary. The process of differentiating the milk by the amount of fat is called standardization. The level of fat determines the value of the milk and hence the salary of the farmer. In order to enhance the nutritional value of milk, factories add Vi tamin D and Vitamin A (good for strong teeth and bones). This process is called fortification. The next step is packaging and delivering the milk to stores, where it is also kept in the refrigerators to keep it fresh and cool. Then milk has to be pasteurized to kill and remove the harmful bacteria. This is done by heating it to more than 70 (Celsius) degrees and after 15 seconds suddenly cooling it to 2-3 Celsius, which is its normal storing temperature. After pasteurization and cooling, milk undergoes a process called homogenization, where milk is forced through tiny openings under high pressure. The homogenization process is necessary for breaking down the fatty drops of cream, so every globule of milk will have the same level of cream and the cream will not float on the top of the milk. This whole action from standardization to pasteurization is called processing. Milk producers usually test milk for its water level, fat content and the percentage of bacteria. Water usually is not added to milk. However, sometimes it happens that water from machinery is mixed in with milk by chance. The quality of milk is determined by processing and also on the food intake of the cow. The quantity, quality and flavor o f the milk depend on the food which is eaten by the cow. The main components of milk are 87% water, 4% lipid, 5% lactose (carbohydrate), 3.3% protein and 0.7% minerals. But these numbers can vary depending on the cow breed, its diet and the phase of lactation. Although levels of components vary in milks, different kinds of milk can be stored together in the same tanks. 1.2 Milk process model (Based on Cornell University model) 1.3 Condition of lactation Until lactation the farmer has to make sure that the udder, the flanks and the teats of the milk producing animal are clean. Her udder has to be washed and massaged with a warm detergent sanitizer solution. To decrease infectivity, the first flow of milk from each teat has to be separated from other streams of milk because this flow includes all the organisms that entered the teat while it was opening. It is dangerous, when the producing animal has an infected udder, it might hold numerous, potentially harmful, organisms. In such a case, it is likely, that there will be harmful diseases. One of the most hazardous diseases is called Mastitis, which can add numerous organisms in milk. Farmers have to pay careful attention that the cow is milked until the udder is empty because if some milk remains in the udder it will spoil. Milk usually spoils when microorganisms generate noxious and degraded proteins, fat of milk and carbohydrates. The farmer or the personal responsible for lactation of the milk producing animal has to be in good health condition. Hands have to be washed carefully with special bactericidal solution and the nails have to be kept away from dirt. They have to have a clean handkerchief, a surgical mask and wear neat and clean uniforms. Following protocol is obligatory in order to prevent milk from epidemics and harmful diseases, for the personal or the farmer may be carrier of such infections or diseases. The main milk viruses are brucellosis, tuberculosis and Q fever. However there are also other, infrequent, bacteria and diseases found in milk such as pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, streptococcal infections, and anthrax and so on. 1.4 Milk Powder Powder can be manufactured from milk which has much longer lifecycle than fresh milk does. The powder manufacturing process consists of subtracting water from milk at the lowest possible cost under strict hygiene settings. The 87 percent of water which milk contains is removed by boiling it at low temperature and keeping it under reduced pressure. Approximately thirteen kilograms of milk powder can be produced one hundred liters of milk. In order to liquidate milk, it must be mixed with water. Like normal milk, liquidated milk powder must be refrigerated in order to keep it fresh. One of the main reasons why powder is manufactured is the ease of bulk transportation. It is also cheaper than fresh milk. Fresh milk cannot be transported easily for long distances. For example, if in Georgia there is a shortage of milk; neighboring countries (Ukraine or Belarus) do not export fresh milk because it spoils easily during transportation. It is obvious for everyone, that fresh milk tastes bett er and is healthier than powdered milk. The level of fat in powdered milk is almost zero and it may not be fortified with Vitamin D and Vitamin A. GEORGIA 2.1 Current situation in Georgia In 1993, the population of the area presently under the control of the Georgian Government was some 4.8Â  million. In 2005, the number had decreased to less than 4.3Â  million, but the decrease in population has not affected the urban and rural areas equally. The decrease in the rural population was only some 100,000 people, 20% of the total decrease and less than half of what would have been expected. One of the reasons for this is that when the economy fell and jobs were lost, many Georgians returned to their original rural areas and engaged in agriculture as a survival strategy. Georgia is a mountainous country in which the development of livestock production started long ago. It has always been an important part of the agriculture sector and of the national economy in general. Farmers raised cattle, pigs and chicken in the lowlands, while in the highlands sheep farms were the major source of income for many households. The transition has significantly affected the livestock sector in Georgia. During the social unrest in 1992-93 the number of livestock sharply decreased. These numbers began to increase after 1995. Subsistence farmers diversify their production. They usually own milk producing cows, pigs and a few chickens. Milk, meat and eggs are produced for both home consumption and for sale. The daily cash income of rural households largely depends on the sale of livestock products, especially milk, cheese and meat. The interest of certain companies in the private sector in livestock production has increased over the past 15 years which has increased the use of feed crops in Georgia, especially maize and barley. A rapid increase in maize production following Georgias land privatization policies in the mid-1990s is a direct result of the private sectors interest in livestock. 2.2 Herds of cows in Georgia Most herds of cows in Georgia are a mixed breed in origin. There are a number of different breeds that are commonly identified. The major livestock breeds are: Caucasian mountain breed; Megrelain breed; Caucasian Brown breed, Russian Red breed, Black White Russian Friesian breed and Jercy breed. The Caucasian Mountain breed is predominantly found in North-East Georgia and is considered as a small breed. It weighs approximately 275 kg and produces low quantities of milk. This bread is used for mostly for meat production. The Megrelain breed, mostly found in the valley and mountains in the West Georgia, is also a small breed. However, these cows produce more milk than does the Caucasian mountain breed. It produces approximately 500 to 1 500 liters per lactation, depending on the supplementary food that is given to the producing animal. It has a reddish or brownish coat and weights about 300 kilograms. The Caucasian Brown breed produces significantly more milk than both the Megrelian b reed and the Caucasian Mountain breed. These cows are the offspring of Brown Swiss bulls with the local breeds. They weigh about 500 kilograms and produce from 2 500 to 3000 liters per lactation. The Caucasian Brown breed is a great milk and meat source. Currently most Caucasian brown breeds are producing offspring with local breeds and so, over time, if this trend continues the Caucasian Brown breed may no longer have its genetically superior qualities. Another large breed is the Russian Red breed which weights from 450 to 500 kilograms and can produce from 4 000 to 5000 liters of milk. However, similar to the Caucasian Brown breed, it is breeding with local bulls, which will cause the degradation of the original breed. The Black and White Russian Friesian breed, another large quantity milk source, produces 3 000 to 5 000 liters of milk per lactation. However, this breed is so small in number that it is in danger of becoming extinct. The Jercy breed is originally from Denmark and w as brought to Georgia by UMOCR and financed by USDA in 2002. They were sent to two locations; Sagarejo and Signagi. However, pregnant Jercy cows in Sagarejo had adaptation related problems and did not survive. In contrast, the Jercy cow breeds in Signagi have successfully adapted to their new environment and have increased in number since 2002. The Jercy breed is can produce more milk than local breeds can and its milk has higher levels of fat; approximately 4 to 5 percent. Georgian farmers stated that the average milk yield was around 1,200 kg per cow. However, statistical data in the country and by region and district indicates that the average milk yield varied around 1,000 kg. 2.3 Ascertaining the problems through interview #1 Zurab Tskitishvili, director of a milk production factory and a highly experienced man in this field, agreed to give an interview and share his opinion about the current situation in Georgia concerning milk production, issues regarding livestock, and certain unsolved problems. According to Mr.Tskitishvili Georgian livestock production is below its maximum potential capacity. He stated that, livestock producers lack incentives to produce for large markets because of the absence of reliable supply chains for their products. They predominantly continue to produce at near subsistence levels, with low productivity. At the same time, the larger scale Georgian manufacturers of livestock products are not purchasing the amount of raw materials from Georgian livestock farmers that they could be purchasing. He states that, they could tap into the growing urban markets if they decide to invest the time and money. They face formidable challenges and risks in the development of effective supply ch ains for livestock products. They also face challenges associated with high interest rates and aggressive international competition. Faced with these costs and uncertainties, processors have opted to satisfy most of their demand by importing milk powder. According to Mr.Tskitishvili the effect of these constraints is that the supply chain for the main livestock products is dysfunctional. For farmers, it means that their considerable capital asset in the form of livestock is performing far below its potential, leading directly to severe financial difficulties. Nevertheless, there is an opportunity to supply the urban markets with fresh Georgian-sourced products. Most manufacturers of dairy and meat products confirm that Georgian consumers show a distinct preference for such products, which can easily be sold to them when the necessary supply chains are established. The statistics on agriculture in Georgia are not very reliable since most production comes from farms that consume all or most what they produce. However, estimates show a cattle population of some 1.1 million heads, with slowly rising figures. Milk production reached 700,000 tons of milk in 2001, which is insufficient for the Georgian milk and dairy demand. Self-sufficiency is about 60-65% and the remaining milk products are imported. Average yields are not more than 1,000 1,300 kg/cow per year. These low yields are a result of the loss of the former markets, the undeveloped infrastructure and the lack of support services, such as veterinary services, advisory services, artificial insemination and inputs supply (quality seeds and fertilizers). Many farmers are stuck in a low input low-output trap and domestic production suffers from import competition. The decayed state of the irrigation and drainage systems is also a major constraint to increasing (crop) yields and the competitive ness of domestic production with imports. Moreover, a lack of monitoring of the food intake of cows is also a prevalent problem in Georgia. While Georgia is not a heavily polluted country, the garbage disposal system is poor in some areas. Therefore there is sometimes garbage lying around for cows to eat. Certain cow milk does not meet Georgias food safety and quality standards due to the diet of the cow. In order to increase good quality milk production, it is necessary to strictly monitor what cows are eating. If the government were to establish a good garbage disposal system in these regions then cows would only have access to healthy food Electricity is sometimes not available in certain regions, making it difficult to install milking equipment and cooling tanks in those areas. Fodder production and conservation is difficult because of the lack of farm machinery and good seeds. The lack of farm machinery increases dependence on desirable weather conditions which are beyond the control of cattle grazers and farmers. Concentrates are expensive in relation to the price of milk. Milk production is highly dependent on natural grazing, which combined with spring-calving, causes high seasonal fluctuations in milk production. This is again reflected in the price of milk, which varies from around 25 Tetri/kg (25 Tetri is equivalent to 10 Euro cents) in summer to 45 Tetri/kg in winter. Grain can be sold for 55-60 Tetri/kg in winter. The quantity of animal food products produced within Georgia does not meet the Georgian populations demand for these products. In 2005, (the latest statistical data available) the total milk production in Georgia was 788,000 tons or about 65% higher than 1995. During the same period, per capita milk consumption increased from 146 kg to 238 kg or a 63% increase, while imports increased from 228,000 tons to 268,000 tons or an increase of 12.6%. The majority of the increase in total milk consumption was covered by local production, thus reducing dependency on imports and increasing the self-sufficiency ratio from 68% in 1995 to 75% in 2005. The increase in total milk production was mainly due to an increased number of cows. The main reason for low productivity is the short lactation period (250 to 280 days) and the lack of quality winter feed. During the winter cows are generally not milked. They are mainly fed straw and in some cases with hay. Grass is cut late in the summer when it has already lost its nutritional value. The production of fodder crops is limited by the scarcity of the arable land and lack of irrigation. Milk production from cows can be greatly improved by better nutrition management and health control. 2.4 Ascertaining the management of cow feed through interview #2 After the interview, it became obvious that cow food intake is an unresolved problem. Ia Mirazanshvili, a representative of GRM international, discussed in an interview the details of managing cow feed. She works for GRM international, which is leading international development Management Company specializing in the provision of project design, management expertise and technical assistance to development projects for bilateral and multilateral funding agencies, governments and corporations. GRM international is starting a new project in Georgia which will be based on dairy sector development. Ia Mirazanshvili provided me with the current information and future development strategy regarding feed production. About twelve years ago 260,000ha were used for the production of 516,000 tons of cereals, which represented 36% of the local consumption. In 2005, the total land for cereal production increased to 355,000 ha or by 35.6 %, which resulted in the total production of 703,000 tons, cov ering 49% of the local consumption. One third of the total production, 332.000 tons, was used for feed and two thirds for direct consumption by population. According to statistics from the Office of the Ministry of Agriculture, since 2007 farmers interest in cereal production has significantly declined due to an unfavorable domestic price. In 2005/2006 production of maize amounted to 421,000 tons, half of which was used for animal feed. The self-sufficiency ratio in maize is between 97 percent and 100 percent. In the country, there is only one feed mill located in Marneuli, some 40 km south of Tbilisi. The mill is owned by the Dogan Company from Turkey. It has a capacity of 1 t/h of feed for fish and 5 t/h of feed for cattle. The information on the total volume of feed sold in one year is not available. The mill is not equipped with an analytical laboratory or quality control system. There are no tariff or non-tariff barriers for the importation of compound feed. The majority of sma ll to medium-sized farms do not use compound feed. However, in view of the expected increase in meat consumption (in 2005 per capita meat consumption was 32,5 kg compared with 29 kg in 1995, a 12% increase) and the necessary changes in pig production systems, Mrs. Mirazanshvili assumes that the demand for compound feed, particularly for monogastric animals would increase in the near future. As for the livestock sector, improvement of the local market for locally produced milk and dairy products, stabilization of prices close to their present levels and an increase in milk yields per cow could have a positive impact on demand for milk replacements for calves and on the consumption of compound feed for dairy cattle. Although there is a limited (niche) market for quality beef, it is difficult to assume that cereal based beef production will play an important role in the cattle sector of Georgia. The future development of the feed industry in the country will greatly depend on the level of self-sufficiency in cereals, and the world market prices of cereals and other imported components. It may be assumed that the consumption of cereals for feed production would increase parallel with an increased yield from cereals presently very low at 2.0 tons/ha to a higher level, which should be attainable in the local agro-climatic conditions and improved agronomy. 2.5 Organizations involved in improvements of Georgias milk sector From the interview with her it became obvious that this field is considered an important field by many Georgian and foreign organizations. GRM international along with NGOs and other prominent organizations are involved in the Georgian dairy industry. The Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA), through its implementing agency OPTO International, is managing the ongoing Support to the Milk and Dairy Sector in Georgia project. This project has developed three main components the mobilization and capacity building of small dairy farmers/householders and development of supply chains for milk and dairy products; the establishment of an industry association, the Dairy Industry Promotion Association (DIPA); and improved Food Safety information. The World Bank (WB) is currently preparing a Livestock Development Programme. The formulation report for this project has been presented and the project design is to be discussed in July. UMCOR has carried out agricultural projects in Georg ia since 1997. Although they are not engaged in any project currently, they are assessing potential projects in two regions; Shida Kartli and Samtskhe Javakheti. In both regions they are conducting soil tests and looking at farmer association opportunities. The Georgian Ministry of Agriculture and Food (MAF) imported 10,000 doses of semen from Worldwide Sires in the US (Brown Swiss, Jersey and Holstein), of which 3,000 doses, mainly Jersey, are left. MAF are in the process of importing 500 in-calf heifers (300 Brown Swiss and 200 Holstein). They are planning to distribute up to 30 animals to individual farmers (2,000 Euro per cow). GTZ have their Developing Agrarian Sector project, which has been operating for the past two years. This assists MAF in developing their Food Quality and Safety standards. They have two pilot regions: Samtskhe Javakheti for beef production and Shida Kartli for fruit production. In addition, GTZ ran the Business Development Programme in Borjomi a Regional Development Initiative project with US$ 3.5 million funding from BTC Partners (BP), which ended at the end of 2008. The project was established for a year and a half, concentrating increasing milk production from cows and honey production from bees. They have 1,300 farmers with 5,000 cows, all of which have been registered and ear-tagged. Animal health is a key component of the project; 30% of cow blood samples have been taken and tested. 2.5 SWOT analysis The genetic straits of milk producing cattle in Georgia are problematic in establishing a thriving dairy industry. In order to move one step forward, the genetics of cows in Georgia needs to be improved. Only certain types of cow breeds can produce desirable quantities of milk to fuel a large dairy industry. We can assume that genetic improvement should be an integral and essential element of a complete strategy and national program for dairy development. Perhaps the development of the cattle sub-sector in Georgia could be a part of the solution. Potentials and constraints are summarized in the SWOT analysis above. Defining breeding objectives (e.g. assessment of the market and the future demand for products, increased milk production, type of milk required, desired characteristics of cattle with regard to production systems and methods, etc) is the first step towards the treatment and development of the sub-sector. This should be done by farmers on local levels and coordinated at th e level of the state. SWOT Analysis of Current Production Systems Strengths a) High demand for milk and milk products: in 2005, the country imported 268,000 tons of milk (mainly milk powder) or 25% of the total milk consumption; b) Growing per capita consumption of milk: from 146 kg in 1995 to 238 kg in 2005; c) Nutritional habits of the population and a diet that includes daily consumption of cheese (particularly local types such as Sulguni and Imeruli) and fermented products; d) More than sufficient numbers of cows: in 2007, there were about 700.000 milking cows; e) 276,000 he of pasture land. Weaknesses a) Low productivity of cows about 1000 kg; b) Poor and inadequate nutrition, particularly during the winter; c) Short lactation period 250 to 280 days; d) Poor management of dairy cows and inadequate housing; e) Lack of sanitary control and inadequate veterinary support (TBC, brucellosis, mastitis); f) Difficult access to credit; g) Lack of extension service support; h) Poor rural roads and difficulties in sale of liquid milk to processors; i) Orientation of processors to use reconstituted milk for the production of fermented products. j) Lack of legislation and regulatory measures governing animal production and genetic improvement (food law, animal production laws and regulations). Opportunities a) Meeting the existing demand: local market can absorb 30 to 40 percent higher quantities of locally produced milk and milk products; b) Improved productivity, utilization and management of pastures and meadows (e.g. re-seeding, fertilization, mechanization, conservation of hay and grass silage); c) Increased production of food crops by rational utilization of land and water resources, including use of fallow and temporarily uncultivated land and rehabilitation of irrigation systems; d) Improved utilization of the existing genetic resources by better nutrition, housing, health care and management including separation of males from cows, use of healthy and licensed bulls for natural mating and use of locally produced and imported semen for selected best cows as potential bull mothers; e) Development of market and profit-oriented breeding objectives (e.g. increase in milk yield per cow, increase in slaughter weight of beef, decrease in the total number of cows) and of producer driven, owned and managed breeding programs aimed at genetic improvement through identification of animals, establishment of recording of productive and functional traits, genetic evaluation, use of the best local and imported bulls for natural mating and A.I. including the establishment of herd books of nucleus (elite) national herds of selected breeds and of the improved technical and business cooperation with European and world breed associations; f) Functional cooperatives and producers associations with their own extension and marketing services including milk collection centers established within the framework of development assistance projects with potential of spillover effects. g) Improved institutional framework (producers associations, commercial organization, extension, veterinary care, research) and human resources (training of farmers and technicians, international technical and commercial cooperation) in support of the attainment of policy, production and breeding objectives. h) Approval of legislative measures related to animal production, protection of consumers and safety of food; Threats a) Substantial decline in world prices of milk powder and butter; this may lead to an increase in import of skimmed milk for reconstitution and production of fermented products from imported material; b) Further decline in genetic potential and production capacity due to inbreeding and uncontrolled mating within herds and nahiri (group of animals from a village or from several owners grazing communal pastures); c) Further increase in number of cows with low genetic potential in reply to increased demand for milk and the lack of cows with higher genetic potential; d) Overgrazing of existing public pastures by an increased number of cattle; e) Outbreak of diseases and their spread throughout of the country due to inadequate control of movements of animals and the lack of existence of systems for identification and registration of animals and cattle keeping holdings. 2.6 Risk Analysis The Terms of Reference highlighted a number of risk factors that may affect the project accomplishment. An evaluation of these factors has been made during the Inception Phase with the following findings: Factor Risk Economic growth Economic crisis, low or negative growth Public finance Budget limits restricting Georgian partner responsibility Quality of public Corruption administration Agricultural development Policy mistakes, for example re-collectivization Dairy Sector Growth Stagnant raw milk supply; stagnant consumer demand Stalled reform of rich countries Continued export subsidies, low international powder agricultural and trade policies, prices especially as to expert subsidies Worsening of South Ossetian Refusal of Ossetian and Georgian work together security Conflict problems III. SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS In Georgia, 80% of milk is produced in the spring and summer, although demand for dairy products is greatest in the winter. Provided farmers can manage the additional husbandry, milking cows over winter is more profitable, as the winter price is usually twice or even three times that of the summer price. The SMDSP Project has been implementing a winter milk program including three activities. These include: planting of forage crops in each village, autumn calving, and special winter feed demonstrations, including trials and cost benefit analyses in concentrate usage and for the future silage maize. The lack of forage (hay and silage) is a major factor for promoting the seasonal calving during the spring. To extend the lactation period through year-round calving, the Project is promoting protection of forage crops through forage demonstrations in each Dairy Farmer Association (DFA). The planting and harvesting of forage crops is managed by the members of the DFA, who benefit from the output of the demonstrations. There is evi